Wildlife and public health Flashcards
What is public health?
the organized efforts of society to prevent human disease, prolong life and promote human health
What does domain 3 (health protection include)?
- environmental health
- occupational health
- infectious diseases
What are 4 types of endemic diseases?
- occupational
- food borne
- water borne
- vector borne
Why are there emerging infections from wildlfe now? (3)
- the edge effect–increased interfaces between people, domestic animals and wildlife–new epidemiological connections
- detection bias–new technologies
- new vulnerability hypothesis–ecosystem changes affecting wildlife susceptibility and exposure
What can we do to reduce emerging diseases? (3)
- sentinels for new pathogens
- risk assessment and communication
- controlling disease at source (attack drivers)
Why was Lyme disease not a problem in the past?
- turkeys once ruled the east but then deforestation and reforestation caused rise of deer
- sub-urbanization caused edges
- health care setting with new technology found the disease
When is it more common to get ticks?
after a boom year of food, there are many deer, but then a poor year leads to fewer deer but many ticks that will seek out humans
What are 6 different rootes of infection?
- bites
- alimentary tract
- conjunctiva, nares
- vectors
- air
- in utero
What is general advise for endemic zoonoses?
WASH W wash A avoid S safety H healthy
What is an example that illustrates that not all zoonotic infections are a risk to people
balysascaris–75% of raccoons are positive and have latrines in backyard but there have been no cases
What is the formula for risk?
risk=chancehazardexposure*consequences
What is risk
likelihood of a hazard causing harm in exposed populations in a specified time fram including the severity of the consequences
What is hazard
a biological chemical or physical agent or condition with the potential to cause an adverse health effect
What is hazard
a biological chemical or physical agent or condition with the potential to cause an adverse health effect
What are the aspects of domain 1 health improvement
- global health
- psychosocial aspects of health
- health education
- impact of wider determinants and international perspectives
What are 5 findings of the WHO health and millennium ecosystem assessment?
- ecosystems are plant suport system
- ecosystem services are indispensible for people health
- causal links between environment and human health are complex
- human societies get benefits from restructing and managing various ecosystems
- diminished human health and well-being tends to increase dependence on ecosystem
Why was there an e. coli outbreak in burnaby?
dead raccoon in tank
Why was there an increase in toxoplasmosis in victoria?
because there was extreme weather event and a lot of cougar latrines in riparian area–flooded and took toxoplasma into water shed
What was the issue with artic belugas
poor public health relations dealing with possible toxoplasma in beluga that wasn’t a risk?
Why were sea otters in california dying of toxoplasma?
linked to outflow from human sewage pipes–flushing ct feces
Why is food security important (wild)
- most of the world’s poor still rely on wildlife including fish for protein
- cultural and legal rights to access wildlife important for many indigenous
- rural and remote communities in canada depend on wildlife
- some people prefer wild meats
Why is food security important (wild)
- most of the world’s poor still rely on wildlife including fish for protein
- cultural and legal rights to access wildlife important for many indigenous
- rural and remote communities in canada depend on wildlife
- some people prefer wild meats
What is the fastest growing animal food production sector?
fish and seafood farming
What are concerns with harvesting wild animals (e.g. fish)
- nature is not pristine: pathogens and parasites are endemic, contaminants are prevalent
- decreasing knowledge on safe harvest (no quality assurance, inspection is an exception)
- urban hunters may not know proper methods
Why are warmer waters a concern?
warmer waters cause salmon to burn energy faster and get increased infection and die of exhaustion and infection
Why can there be problems with food safety with hunters?
- cross contamination in slaughter/butcher
- no meat inspection
- poor storage
- undercooked foods
- sharing with dog
What is the association of nature and psychological, physical, social health
- nature makes people feel better
- nature provides opportunity for exercise
- nature provides social cohesion