Wildlife and public health

Question 1

What is public health?

Answer 1

the organized efforts of society to prevent human disease, prolong life and promote human health

Question 2

What does domain 3 (health protection include)?

Answer 2

1. environmental health
2. occupational health
3. infectious diseases

Question 3

What are 4 types of endemic diseases?

Answer 3

1. occupational
2. food borne
3. water borne
4. vector borne

Question 4

Why are there emerging infections from wildlfe now? (3)

Answer 4

1. the edge effect–increased interfaces between people, domestic animals and wildlife–new epidemiological connections
2. detection bias–new technologies
3. new vulnerability hypothesis–ecosystem changes affecting wildlife susceptibility and exposure

Question 5

What can we do to reduce emerging diseases? (3)

Answer 5

1. sentinels for new pathogens
2. risk assessment and communication
3. controlling disease at source (attack drivers)

Question 6

Why was Lyme disease not a problem in the past?

Answer 6

1. turkeys once ruled the east but then deforestation and reforestation caused rise of deer
2. sub-urbanization caused edges
3. health care setting with new technology found the disease

Question 7

When is it more common to get ticks?

Answer 7

after a boom year of food, there are many deer, but then a poor year leads to fewer deer but many ticks that will seek out humans

Question 8

What are 6 different rootes of infection?

Answer 8

1. bites
2. alimentary tract
3. conjunctiva, nares
4. vectors
5. air
6. in utero

Question 9

What is general advise for endemic zoonoses?

Answer 9

WASH
W wash
A avoid
S safety
H healthy

Question 10

What is an example that illustrates that not all zoonotic infections are a risk to people

Answer 10

balysascaris–75% of raccoons are positive and have latrines in backyard but there have been no cases

Question 11

What is the formula for risk?

Answer 11

risk=chancehazardexposure*consequences

Question 12

What is risk

Answer 12

likelihood of a hazard causing harm in exposed populations in a specified time fram including the severity of the consequences

Question 13

What is hazard

Answer 13

a biological chemical or physical agent or condition with the potential to cause an adverse health effect

Question 14

What is hazard

Answer 14

a biological chemical or physical agent or condition with the potential to cause an adverse health effect

Question 15

What are the aspects of domain 1 health improvement

Answer 15

1. global health
2. psychosocial aspects of health
3. health education
4. impact of wider determinants and international perspectives

Question 16

What are 5 findings of the WHO health and millennium ecosystem assessment?

Answer 16

1. ecosystems are plant suport system
2. ecosystem services are indispensible for people health
3. causal links between environment and human health are complex
4. human societies get benefits from restructing and managing various ecosystems
5. diminished human health and well-being tends to increase dependence on ecosystem

Question 17

Why was there an e. coli outbreak in burnaby?

Answer 17

dead raccoon in tank

Question 18

Why was there an increase in toxoplasmosis in victoria?

Answer 18

because there was extreme weather event and a lot of cougar latrines in riparian area–flooded and took toxoplasma into water shed

Question 19

What was the issue with artic belugas

Answer 19

poor public health relations dealing with possible toxoplasma in beluga that wasn’t a risk?

Question 20

Why were sea otters in california dying of toxoplasma?

Answer 20

linked to outflow from human sewage pipes–flushing ct feces

Question 21

Why is food security important (wild)

Answer 21

1. most of the world’s poor still rely on wildlife including fish for protein
2. cultural and legal rights to access wildlife important for many indigenous
3. rural and remote communities in canada depend on wildlife
4. some people prefer wild meats

Question 22

Why is food security important (wild)

Answer 22

1. most of the world’s poor still rely on wildlife including fish for protein
2. cultural and legal rights to access wildlife important for many indigenous
3. rural and remote communities in canada depend on wildlife
4. some people prefer wild meats

Question 23

What is the fastest growing animal food production sector?

Answer 23

fish and seafood farming

Question 24

What are concerns with harvesting wild animals (e.g. fish)

Answer 24

1. nature is not pristine: pathogens and parasites are endemic, contaminants are prevalent
2. decreasing knowledge on safe harvest (no quality assurance, inspection is an exception)
3. urban hunters may not know proper methods

Question 25

Why are warmer waters a concern?

Answer 25

warmer waters cause salmon to burn energy faster and get increased infection and die of exhaustion and infection

Question 26

Why can there be problems with food safety with hunters?

Answer 26

1. cross contamination in slaughter/butcher
2. no meat inspection
3. poor storage
4. undercooked foods
5. sharing with dog

Question 27

What is the association of nature and psychological, physical, social health

Answer 27

1. nature makes people feel better
2. nature provides opportunity for exercise
3. nature provides social cohesion