Emerging disease and international veterinary public health Flashcards
why are we talking about emerginc infectious diseases now
- caught us by surprise
- cost billions of dollars
- created public fear
- created political pressure to respond
What is an emerging infectious disease? (5 definitions)
- appears for first time in population
- existed but is rapidly increasing in prevalence
- expanded host range
- changed in virulence or resistance
- newly discovered agent
Are all emerging diseases infectious and zoonotic?
not always
- FIV in cat in BC
- snake fungal disease
- contaminants of feminization
What has most emerging infectious disease focused on?
- finding it soon
2. predicting it
What do we know about dealing with emerging infectious diseases
- EIDs are emerging in complex socio-economic interactions
- resilient systems better able ti withstand change
- prevention better than cure
What is key to preventing emerging infectious disease?
agreed actions (policy)
What is the current issue with EID programs?
not efficient/based on evidence/reviewed
What are the 4 main domains of emergency management
- prevention
- preparedness
- response
- recovery
What are the 4 main domains of emergency management
- prevention
- preparedness
- response
- recovery
what are elements of preparedness? (3)
- biomedical systems
- resilient communities
- communications systems
What does enhanced security need?
- access to vet services
- education and support for animal husbandry and care
- vaccine production and evaluation and contingency plans if new vaccines needed
- plans for vaccine distribution
- adverse event surveillance
Why is communication important?
have to be open and honest and think about who speaking to so that people are informed, address concerns,
- plan ahead
- communicate responsibly
- minimize harm
What is the challenge/disconnect in communication between scientist/expert and consumer/public?
- scientist expert “thinks, knows” and fact-based
2. consumer public “feels, believes: value based
what are three methods/targets for response?
- find, reduce infectious
- stop spread
- protect susceptible
What is the vest epidemiological model to remember?
C is proportional to E x S
cases are proportional to exposure x susceptible
How do you respond to and contain an attack?
- find cases (C)
- reduce exposure (E)
- reduce suceptibility (S)
What does culling and disposal require?
- legal authority
- social licence
- mechanisms to distribute
- equipment for humane slaughter and occupational safety
- plans for methods and location of disposal (environmental impact)
What takes more effort, emergency response or recovery?
recovery
What is the value of preparedness?
it speeds the recovery from crisis
What is a knowable surprise in retrospect but eluded detection. What is the necessary response?
- bat associated (SARS, nipah, hendra)
2. connecting speicalized pools of knowledge, changing governance
What was a surprise where failed to recognize an actional signal or did not respond despite warning? What is the necessary response?
- west nile in new york
2. making specialized generalists (one health)
What was a surprise that had unanticipated consequences and what is the necessary response
- ebola and EU fishing policy
2. bild resilience against the unpredictable
why is important to have healthy livestock, proper management
because a large burden of disease is from endemic zoonoses
Why is zoonoses a cause of poverty?
because the burden of zoonoses falls on the poor
What general groups of tropical diseases are important?
- protozoa
- viruses
- bacteria
- helminths
What are 8 millennium development goals?
- eradicate extreme poverty and hungar
- universal primary education
- promote gender equality and empower women
- reduce child mortality
- improve maternal health
- combate HIV, AIDs, malaria, others
- ensure environmental sustainability
- global partnerhsip for development
How can maternal and child health be improved?
by providing animal protein
How can animals help a mother?
- available and nutritious animal based foods
- goat and cow milk availability supplements beast milk
- animals can help in work
- animals provide income for health care
What can increase production per acre?
adding fish into some livestock production farms
but need infrastructure, experience
What can financial capital be?
- cash from animal use
2. animals themselves (domestic and wild)
How can female headed households in sri lanka make money?
by low cost fish farming
What is the problem of pigs in nepal?
- historically only lower castes would deal with them
- government goal to give families pigs for more income?
- but without education and with poverty do not have resources/knowledge
- opportunities for zoonoses to flourish
How do ornamental fish farms prevent environmental degradation? how does it cause degratation
prevent
- reduce capture of wild fish
- positive effects of impacts on wild fish
cause
1. negative impacts from inappropriate drug and chemical use, release of wastes and release of pathogens
Why do goats and sheep help Massai communities in kenya
- polygamous culture
2. wife access to income from small ruminants allows to pay for children’s books and school uniforms
what is veterinary public health?
the organized efforts of the animal health community to reduce prematures human deaths, reduce human disease and help people thrive
