Whitechapel 1870-1900 Flashcards
1
Q
Who was Henry Wainwright?
A
A successful salesman
2
Q
What did Harriet do that trigger Wainwright and why did she do it?
A
She called on him at work, making embarrassing scenes because he could no longer keep Harriet fed and housed (due to his business failing)
3
Q
What did Wainwright ask his brother to do and why?
A
Write love letters to Lane under the name of Edward Frieake so he could claim Lane had run away
4
Q
What was the fatal flaw in his plan?
A
He used sodium chloride that preserves the body rather than dissolving it
5
Q
What did Wainwright decide to do when he discovered the body had been preserved a year later?
A
He chopped it into pieces and put them in sacks
6
Q
Who was the worker who opened one of the sacks to find Lane’s head?
A
Arthur Stokes
7
Q
What did Arthur do for help?
A
He followed the cab on foot and shouted for the help of a policeman.
8
Q
When was Wainwright executed?
A
At the end of 1875
9
Q
What was Sarah Fisher convicted of in 1873?
A
Convicted of unlawfully exposing her child, Lucy
10
Q
When in 1873 did Fisher do this?
A
November
11
Q
Why did Fisher have to do this and who noticed?
A
Her husband was unable to work due to injuries to his leg so she was out begging. Sidney Chidley noticed.
12
Q
What were a rookery?
A
An area filled with lodging houses in London’s poorest areas
13
Q
How much would one night’s doss cost?
A
4d
14
Q
Who drank at the Ten Bells Pub on the evening that she was killed?
A
Mary Kelly
15
Q
How were pubs helpful for the poor?
A
It was a place where they could get warm and get a meal
16
Q
What did the 1871 Census say about Flower and Dean Street?
A
902 lodgers stayed in 31 dosshouses on Flower and Dean Street
17
Q
Why couldn’t people stay for more than a few days at lodging houses?
A
The rent was too high
18
Q
What were the conditions at Flower and Dean Street? (2)
A
- Narrow street (16ft)
- Outside toilets but spilled buckets and pots indoors
- Haunt of thieves, drunkards and prostitutes
19
Q
How many people lived in each acre in Whitechapel in 1873?
A
188.6
20
Q
What type of people went to the Whitechapel Workhouse? (4)
A
Last resort, too old, too young and too unwell
21
Q
Why were people reluctant to go to the Workhouse?
A
They had strict rules that dictated what people ate, how they worked and what time they got up
22
Q
How often were parents allowed to see their children in the Workhouse?
A
Once a day
23
Q
How many inmates could the Casual Ward take?
A
400
24
Q
How many people could stay in the Casual Ward for beds at once?
A
60
25
What did inmates have to do to earn their bed?
Pick oakum, asked to work in the kitchen or to clean the Workhouse
26
Why were they so strict with rules in the Workhouse?
They thought inmates would be tempered to stay at the expense of taxpayers, who funded the Workhouse Union
27
What was the annual death rate after 1865 at the Peabody Estate?
50/1000
28
Who bought the area for slum clearance in 1876?
The Metropolitan Board of Works
29
Why did no commercial developers want to buy it?
They would only be able to charge very low rent
30
In what year was it sold to the Peabody Trust?
1879
31
By 1881 how many flats had been built at the Peabody Estate?
287
32
What were the conditions of the Peabody Estate? (3)
- Ventilation
- Made of brick and unplastered walls
- Shared bathrooms and kitchens
33
What was the problem with the Peabody Estate?
Rents were still too high and tenants were kicked out if they could not keep up
34
What did people call the criminal underclass (born criminals)?
The residuum
35
What did addiction to alcohol cause, in terms of crime?
People were made victims of crime or they became responsible for committing crimes
36
Why was drink so significant in Whitechapel?
It was a coping mechanism for many
37
Why did Whitechapel attract immigrants? (3)
- Cheap places to sleep
- Jobs
- Already a Jewish and Irish community there who had settled
38
What place did Irish workers dominate?
The docks
39
Why did Russian Jews come to Whitechapel?
They were persecuted following the assassination of Tsar Alexander II
40
Between 1881 and 1891 how many arrived in London?
30,000
41
Why did Jewish immigrants find it harder to integrate? (2)
- Cultural differences
- Language barriers
42
Who did Jewish immigrants end up working for?
Other more established Jews in sweatshops
43
What did this segregation of the Jews mean?
They were a target for prejudice
44
Why were the Irish also targets of prejudice?
They were RCs and due to the rise in Fenian Irish Nationalism
45
What did many Irish people want from Britain, in a time when the who,e of Ireland was ruled by Britain?
They wanted Home Rule and preferably independence
46
What was anarchism?
A revolutionary political idea that people would be better off without a government
47
What type of protests in Ireland were increasing?
Armed protests
48
Who was the idea of anarchism developed by as well?
Russian revolutionaries
49
What organisations did the Russians set up? (2)
- Newspaper called Worker's Friend
- International Worker's Education Club
50
Which Russian anarchist Jew was blamed by people for murdering Annie Chapman?
Nikolay Vasiliev
51
What were the police worried about with the Jews?
They were worried they couldn't note their activities as they spoke in another language, Yiddish
52
What did reformers want for Whitechapel? (2)
- Widening the roads
- Knocking down rookeries and lodging houses
53
Who were the First Commissioners?
Sir Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne
54
How many policemen were in the force by 1830?
3,300
55
When was the fire at Millbank Prison, in which police responses were praised?
1835
56
By 1852, how many men were in the force?
5,700
57
How many cops were called to control the riot in Hyde Park?
3200
58
Where did Fenians plant a bomb in 1867, with warnings ignored?
Clerkenwell
59
Who was the new Commissioner in 1870?
Edmund Henderson
60
What did Henderson introduce in 1870? (4)
- Increased quality of recruits
- Increased literacy rates in cops
- Relaxed drills
- Officers could have beards
61
In what year was the Trial of the Detectives?
1877
62
What did the Trial of the Detectives reveal?
Corruption in the Detective Branch
63
In 1877, what was the Detective Branch reformed to?
The CID
64
What year does Henderson resign and why?
1886 due to the damage of houses in a protest in Trafalgar Square
65
Who replaces Henderson and when does he resign?
Charles Warren and he resigns in 1887
66
Why does Warren resign?
He wrote an article that seemed to criticise Henry Matthews, the Home Secretary, when he actually wrote it against the government. Matthews demanded him to apologise and in anger, Warren resigned.
67
Between what years did the Whitechapel murders occur?
1888 - 1889
68
What 3 new identification systems were used after 1894?
- Photographs
- Mug shots
- Physical measurements
69
Give 3 requirements to apply for the Met, stated in which year?
- Taller than 5'9"
- Between 21 and 27
- Be literate
70
When did fingerprint identification become a thing?
1901
71
What 3 things were granted to policemen for extra duties in 1902?
- Medals
- Time off
- A bonus
72
What added to the tensions that made Warren resign?
The fact that Matthews did not like him at all and would much rather have his deputy, Munro, as Commissioner
73
In what month and year and in which magazine did Warren write the article?
Nov 1888, in Murray's Magazine
74
Who appointed new constables up until 1890 and who did after this?
Previously, Met HQ. After, Scotland Yard
75
How many weeks of training were successful applicants given and how many weeks of beat duty?
2 weeks of training and one of beat duty
76
What was the job of being a cop like? (2)
Temporary and poorly paid
77
After 1860 what was granted with 30 years of service?
A pension
78
In 1885, how many types of officers covered a population of how much in H Division? (4)
- 441 constables
- 44 sergeants
- 19 inspectors
- Pop of 176,000
79
What was the H Division?
The area for Whitechapel
80
In 1888, how many officers were there in the H Division?
575
81
What was the main Police Station for H Division?
Lenman Police Station
82
What was the main court for the whole of Whitechapel?
Thames Police Court
83
How many crimes were there in total in 1887?
1705
84
State 4 things about the constable uniform.
- Woollen trousers
- Deep blue black jacket
- Truncheon
- Handcuffs
85
In 1863 what did the initial stovepipe hat change to and why?
Custodian for more protection
86
What does a 'beat' involve?
Walking a route in an area, timed precisely to reach checkpoints
87
How long is the daytime beat and how long is the night time one?
30 mins and 15 mins
88
How long was each beat shift?
9hrs
89
How often did constables switch routes for the beat to avoid corruption?
Every month
90
State 2 disadvantages of the beat routine.
- Criminals could easily study the route
- Constables were expected to check doors and windows to ensure no one was inside
91
Who led the CID in Scotland Yard?
Howard Vincent
92
What 4 things did Vincent do?
- centralised control
- increased pay to attract
- encouraged plain clothes
- investigate suspicions
93
How often would the chief inspector give reports on ongoing investigations?
Every day
94
From what year was there a 'Register of habitual criminals'?
1878
95
Who supervised prisoners who had been released early on good behaviour?
Detectives
96
After 1870, what was it illegal to do in pubs?
Serve someone who was already drunk
97
What gangs ran protection rackets and what did they do?
Bessarabian gangs who threatened Jewish business owners for money, who were already scared of the police
98
After 1885, keeping what was illegal?
Keeping a brothel
99
When did the Superintendent of the H Division write to the Home Office about funds for lessons in Yiddish?
1904
100
When did Monro resign?
Right before the Ripper Murders
101
What happened on 16 Mar 1889?
Riot by IWA protesting against low wages and long hours
102
Who was arrested in the protest and why?
Leaders of the March for the assault of cops
103
What punishment were the protestors given?
3 months of hard labour and £40 bond for good behaviour
104
In Autumn 1889, how many sweatshop tailors striked?
10,000
105
Who, on what day, how and where was killed first?
31/08
Mary Nichols
Bucks Row
Throat and abdomen cut
106
Who, on what day, how and where was killed second?
08/09
Annie Chapman
George's Yard
Strangled, throat cut, intestines out
107
Who, on what day, how and where were killed as a double murder?
30/09
Elizabeth Stride of Dutfield's Yard, throat cut and interrupted
Catherine Eddowes of Mitre Square, badly mutilated
108
Who, on what day, how and where was killed last?
09/11
Mary Kelly
Miller's Court
Body completely out across room
109
Who set up the Police Code and when?
Howard Vincent in 1889
110
What was the plan of action stated in the Police Code? (2)
- Keep onlookers away
- Make clear note of scene for investigation
111
Give one example where the Police Code could not have been followed
Mary Nichols' murder where an ambulance had to be called first
112
When were photographs taken and mainly for what purpose?
Before and after post-mortem for identification
113
When were sketches starting to be used to record drawings of the murder?
In the mid 1890s
114
What are coroner's inquests?
They determined whether a death was natural or not
115
What 3 things did the police do to investigate the Whitechapel murders?
- Questioned more than 2000
- Full scale search of lodging houses
- Posters displayed
116
What was the main identification technique but why was it unreliable?
Description from witnesses. It was unreliable because they would not always remember what they think they saw and they may be fake
117
Whose ideas were taken up of using mugshots and facial measurements to reconstruct sketches?
Alphonse Bertillon
118
What are identity parades and were they successful in investigation?
Making suspects line up so the witness can identify. They were unsuccessful.
119
What trial did Warren order that was put down by the public?
The trial of the bloodhounds
120
Why was there fierce competition between newspapers?
They all fought to sensationalise the Ripper murders
121
Why were the murders sensationalised?
The police did not release much info so they tended to exaggerate what happened
122
Who set up the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee?
George Lusk
123
What 3 things did Lusk do to help?
- Hired 2 PIs
- Published posters offering small rewards
- Petitioned for Matthews to offer an official reward, but refused as it can lead to unnecessary allegations
