1700 - 1800 Flashcards
In 1765, how many crimes were punishable by death?
160
In 1810, how many crimes were punishable by death?
222
Why were witchcraft laws repealed in 1736?
People were more educated and understood that it was unnecessary.
What did urbanisation mean for crime levels?
It was easier to disappear and go unrecognised.
What Act was formed in 1679 and what did it do?
The Habeus Corpus Act preventing indefinite imprisonment without being charged.
What shows that corruption was still a thing?
Governments still made up evidence to lock people up
What did drunkenness, gambling and failure to attend Church result in?
Fines
Which 3 crimes are punishable by whipping?
Vagabondage, theft and selling goods at the wrong price
What 3 crimes were punishable by burning at the stake?
Heresy, treason and witchcraft
Which 3 crimes were punishable by hanging?
Heresy, treason and murder
Which 2 crimes were punishable by the stocks?
Smuggling and fraud
Which 2 crimes were punishable by transportation?
Murder and poaching
Who was one of the most infamous highwaymen, hanged in 1670?
Claude Duval
What 6 changes served as advantages for highwaymen?
- Road surfaces were better
- New towns were built
- Horses were cheap
- Loot could be hidden in taverns
- Many lonely areas
- Easy to get handguns
What 4 things helped to prevent highway robberies?
- Mounted patrols
- High rewards
- JPs refused to license some dodgy taverns
- Banks became more sophisticated
Which landowners can hunt anywhere?
Those with land more than £100
Why were gamekeepers employed?
To protect land
What is the punishment for possessing dogs for hunting? (2)
£5 fine and 3 months in prison
In what year was the Waltham Black Act formed, which made poaching a capital crime?
1723
Why did people poach? (2)
- Some did for entertainment
- Others did because the demand for game was high, especially the Black Market
What three things were regularly smuggled?
Cloth, wine and spirits 
Out of 13 million pounds of tea how much was brought into the country legally?
5.5 million pounds
How was smuggling now punished?
By death
How many smugglers were hanged, put in gaol and still active?
35 were hanged, 10 were put in gaol and 200,000 were still active 
What did the Spotsman do?
Directed ship to shore
What did the Lander do?
Arranged the unloading of cargo
What did the Tubsmen do?
Carried goods
What did the Batsman do?
Protected Tubsman
What years was the Hawkhurst Gang active?
Between 1735 and 1749
How many people did smuggling gangs consist of?
50 to 100
Give four reasons for the rise of smuggling
- Gangs were very efficient
- they were well-armed
- few custom officers
- it was a social crime
How many times more than the daily wage was made in one night of smuggling?
6 or 7 times more
What percentage of those wanted for smuggling in 1748 were labourers?
70%
Give two reasons for the decline in smuggling
- Introduction of the HM Coast Guard in 1822
- decrease in import duties in 1842
Why did James Frampton report to Lord Melbourne about George Loveless and five other workers’ ‘Friendly Society of Agricultural Workers’?
He was scared of losing his power after the French Revolution and Swing Riots
What does the GNCTU stand for?
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
Why did Loveless form the ‘Friendly Society of Agricultural Workers’?
To protest the 6s that they received, when the average salary was 10s
How did the Unlawful Oath Act of 1797 result in their arrest?
It was obscure and hence used to deemed their oath of allegiance illegal when it actually wasn’t
How many years of transportation were they sentenced to and in which country?
7 years in Australia
For how many days were they at sea and how many miles did they have to walk?
111 days and over 150 miles
What did Lord Melbourne initially dismiss?
The demonstration with 100,000 and the petition with 800,000 against the arrest of the Tolpuddle Martyrs
After how many years were the men pardoned?
Three years
What was the population in 1750?
9.5 mil
What was the population in 1900?
41.5 mil
What fraction of men could vote in the 1700s?
1/8
By 1885, how many men could vote?
All men
In 1840s, what invention became a major transport?
Trains
Which law said children under 13 had to go to school?
1880 Law
What percentage were literate by the 1800s?
70%
When were the Bow Street Runners set up and by who?
1754 by the Fielding brothers
What did the Fielding brother believe was the cause for increase in crimes?
Corruption and overpopulation
Why did they monitor thief takers closely?
To ensure they didn’t return to being privately hired
Who were thief takers appointed as and what was their weekly wage?
Principal officers with training, equipment and uniform. They paid a guinea for a week
How long did the horse patrols last and how did they help?
18 months, which reduced the amount of highway robberies
Who were the Robin Redbreasts and how many officers did they have?
A horse patrol with 54 officers
What was the Hue and Cry newspaper?
Where magistrates posted info about criminals
When did the Bow Street Runners start getting paid by the government?
By 1785
When was the Middlesex Justices Act passed and what did it do?
- Established 7 police officers, 3 paid magistrates and up to 6 paid constables
When and who was the River Thames Police set up by?
In 1798 by Patrick Colquohon
In 1780s what was the main alternative to capital punishment?
Transportation
