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Crime And Punishment c1000-1500 > 1800 -1900 > Flashcards

1800 -1900 Flashcards

1
Q

By 1800, how many Bow Street Runners were there?

A

68

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2
Q

Why were the public worried about a full-time professional police force? (2)

A

The freedom may be limited and the cost would be high

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3
Q

When was the Black Act repealed and who was greatly responsible for this change?

A
  1. Robert Peel had a great influence on this.
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4
Q

What were Robert Peel’s aims with the Met? (3)

A
  • Should be viewed in a positive light
  • Have a centralised system
  • Amount of crime should be reduced
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5
Q

What were the 4 requirements to be a cop?

A
  • Young
  • Over 5’7”
  • Be literate
  • No criminal record
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6
Q

How much were sergeants paid daily?

A

3s and 6p

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7
Q

How much was the superintendent paid yearly?

A

£200

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8
Q

How much were constables paid daily?

A

3s

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9
Q

How much were inspectors paid yearly?

A

£100

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10
Q

Initially from what type of people were recruited for the Met? (3)

A
  • People from dubious backgrounds
  • Poorly trained
  • Immoral tendencies
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11
Q

What did their uniform include? (5)

A
  • Blue tail coat
  • Top hat
  • Truncheon
  • Handcuffs
  • Wooden rattle
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12
Q

When was the Met Police Act formed?

A

1829

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13
Q

What happened in 1822?

A

Robert Peel became Home Secretary

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14
Q

When was the Municipal Corporations Act formed and what did this say?

A

1835, which allowed towns to set up their own forces

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15
Q

What Act was formed in 1839 and what did it allow?

A

The Rural Constabulary Act, where counties were now allowed their own force

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16
Q

What change was also made to which act in 1839?

A

Met Police Act, which now allowed other forces to join the Met Police to cover a 15 miles radius

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17
Q

When was the first detective force at Scotland Yard formed and how many officers did it have?

A

1842 with 16 officers

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18
Q

In 1856, what was made compulsory?

A

It was now compulsory for towns and counties to have a force.

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19
Q

In what year was the Criminal Records Office established?

A

1869

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20
Q

In 1870 what new part of the uniform was introduced?

A

Police helmets

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21
Q

In 1878 what new department was formed?

A

Criminal Investigation Department

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22
Q

How many detectives did the CID initially have and how much did it have by 1883?

A

200 which went on to be 600

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23
Q

When was the first Special Branch formed and what was it for?

A

In 1884 to combat terrorism.

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24
Q

How many policemen and separate forces were there by 1884?

A

39,000 policemen and 200 separate forces

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25
Q

Why were executions not always carried out?

A

Judges felt pitiful as the penalties were so severe.

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26
Q

What plead did pregnant women make and what did this mean?

A

A ‘plead for belly’ to be pardoned until the baby was born

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27
Q

Out of the 35,000 death sentences charged between 1770 and 1830 how many went through?

A

7,000

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28
Q

Overall, for what 2 reasons was the Bloody Code abolished?

A
  • Public executions were not working
  • Juries would not convict as punishments were too harsh
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29
Q

What was the side effect of juries not convicting?

A

More crime would occur as criminals thought it’d be more easy to escape the death sentence

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30
Q

What was the Tyburn Tree?

A

A wooden gallows where criminals were hung to death for over 650 years

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31
Q

In what year did public executions come to an end?

A

1868

32
Q

What were the main reasons for the end of public executions? (4)

A
  • Pickpocketing
  • Mass humiliation
  • Crowding
  • A party atmosphere
33
Q

How many years of transportation were people usually sentenced to?

A

14 years

34
Q

How many were transported to Britain’s colonies in the American Revolution?

A

50,000 to 80,000

35
Q

Why was Australia the main destination?

A

It was newly discovered in 1770

36
Q

What were ‘prison hulks’ and why were they used?

A

Old war boats where convicts were kept in chains. Used until the next ship to Australia was full.

37
Q

What percentage of convicts died on these ships?

A

1%

38
Q

In early years how many months did the trip take and how many did it take in the 1830s?

A

18 months, but later 4 months

39
Q

What group of people were also transported from Bridewell Prison?

A

Vagrant children

40
Q

What type of people were transported? (2)

A
  • Committed political or violent crimes
  • Committed more than 1 offence
41
Q

How many were transported to Australia in total?

A

160,000

42
Q

What fraction of those transported were women?

A

1/6

43
Q

Who were convicts assigned to and if they did not follow their rules, what happened?

A

Assigned to settlers and were flogged or sent further away if they did not follow.

44
Q

In 1833 how many ships and people were transported?

A

36 ships with 6,779 prisoners

45
Q

What Act ended transportation and in what year?

A

Penal Servitude Act in 1857

46
Q

Why was transportation seen as a better punishment p? (3)

A
  • Juries would actually convict
  • It was much less severe
  • It would help populate Aus
47
Q

Why did few return from transportation? (2)

A
  • It was an opportunity to live there
  • Wages were higher
48
Q

Why did transportation end? (4)

A
  • It cost half a million by 1830s
  • Crime increased sharply because of leniency
  • Prisons were being used more
  • Settlers wanted to stop dumping of convicts in Aus
49
Q

What was the first House of Correction called?

A

Bridewell Prison

50
Q

What was the purpose of prisons at the time? (2)

A
  • To reform criminals
  • Hold them prior to trials/transportation
51
Q

Why were prisons ‘schools of crime’?

A

All criminals were held together: repeat and first-time offenders

52
Q

Why was gaol fever common?

A

Prisons were damp and dirty

53
Q

What task did hard labour involve?

A

Time on the tread wheel, which was walking on to produce flour. This also made money for the prison.

54
Q

Why was it advantageous to have money in prisons?

A

To buy luxury items like pets, beer, better quality food

55
Q

Who did poor inmates rely on to pay for fees?

A

Local charities

56
Q

John Howard inspected prisons in which county?

A

Bedfordshire

57
Q

What was Howard surprised by? (2)

A
  • Bad living conditions
  • Bias of poor and rich
58
Q

What 4 things did he campaign for?

A
  • Decent food
  • Christian teachings
  • Private cells (to reflect)
  • Wages for gaolers (to prevent bias)
59
Q

Which prison did Elizabeth Fry visit?

A

Newgate Prison

60
Q

What was she surprised by? (2)

A
  • 300 women in 3 rooms
  • Exploitation by men gaolers
61
Q

What 3 things did she do to help?

A
  • Encouraged other Quakers to set up prayer groups
  • Set up school for children
  • Set up ‘Association of the Reformation of Female Prisoners’
62
Q

What did she want for prisons? (2)

A
  • Same sex cells
  • Better living conditions
63
Q

Who passed the Gaols Act and in what year?

A

Robert Peel in 1823

64
Q

What 6 things did the Gaols Act state?

A
  • All prison warders had to be paid
  • Same sex cells and gaolers
  • Prisons had to be separated into different categories
  • Had to attend chapel
  • Had to receive proper food
  • No more pets
65
Q

At what prison in what year was Separate system trialled?

A

In 1842 at Pentonville Prison

66
Q

5 descriptions about Pentonville Prison:

A
  • 1 hammock in every room
  • Iron bar windows
  • 5 spokes
  • 520 prisoners
  • Thick walls
67
Q

What was ‘Oakum picking’?

A

Unravelling and cleaning old rope as hard labour

68
Q

What was Fry concerned about in the Gaols Act?

A

Although the deterrence part of prisons was fulfilled, there was nothing about reformation through education

69
Q

What 2 things did she want to change to the Act?

A
  • No more solitary confinement
  • Less monotonous cells
70
Q

What was the ‘Silent System’?

A

Prisoners were expected to be silent at all times

71
Q

What happened if they did not remain silent?

A

They are whipped or put on a diet of bread and water

72
Q

What was ‘hard fare’?

A

Adequate but monotonous food

73
Q

What was ‘hard board’?

A

Wooden bunks replacing hammocks

74
Q

What was the fever hospital for?

A

Infectious diseases

75
Q

What did the Rotunda allow?

A

Fewer guards as the entire prison can be viewed from one spot

76
Q

What was the Governer’s House?

A

A place within the prison with the principal government offices

Crime And Punishment c1000-1500 (8 decks)

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