1900s - Present Day Flashcards
What were 3 main issues in prisons?
- Overcrowding
- Understaffing
- Low budgets
What 3 things changed after 1922 in prisons?
- More visits were allowed
- Convict crop hairstyle was banned
- Solitary confinement introduced
When was the first open prison built and why?
1933 so that prisoners could go to work
Why had the fear of crime declined?
People understood that you can’t inherit criminal habits and people weren’t just born criminals
When was the death penalty for arson in the Royal Dockyard abolished?
1971
What Act was passed in 1973 and what was this?
NI Act, abolishing the death penalty
What year was the death penalty for espionage abolished and what was the name of the Act?
Armed Forces Act in 1981
What significant act banned the death penalty entirely in 1998?
Human Rights Act
What did the UK sign in 2004 abolishing the death penalty under all circumstances?
13th Protocol to the European Convention
What did the UN issue in 1947 stating ‘everyone has a right to life’?
Declaration of Human Rights
How many executions were declared a year for murder in 1840?
15
In 1957, executions were abolished for everyone however there were 3 exceptions. What were they?
- If the murder victim was a police officer
- If more than 1 person was murdered
- If the murder occurred through theft
Give 4 reasons people thought the death penalty should be abolished.
- Other European countries had abolished it
- It was against the teachings of Christianity
- Mistakes were sometimes made, with the wrong person executed
- It seemed barbaric after the horrors of World War II
Why did some want to retain capital punishment? (4)
- It was a good deterrent
- Life imprisonment was more expensive
- Execution would avenge the victim
- Murderers may kill again
What was Evans hanged for, when he thought he was the reason for their failed abortion?
His wife’s death
In what year was Evans posthumously pardoned?
1966
Who was the last woman to be hanged in 1956 for murdering who?
Ruth Ellis for murdering her abusive husband
What is the largest category of crime?
Car theft
In 1935, who did not need a licence?
Motorists
Why is smuggling harder to prevent?
Transport is better
In what years do the IRA carry out bomb attacks?
1970s - 1990
What happened in July 2005 and how many people were killed in the process?
Muslims carried out suicide bombings killing 56
In late 1990s, which offences increased and why?
Violent and sexual offences because people were more willing to report them
In what year was a new law covering hate crimes formed?
2006
For what other reasons did crime in general increase? (3)
- Police are more sympathetic
- Police are better trained
- Crime was recorded more consistently than before
How many men refused to fight in the war?
16,000
Why did people refuse to fight? (2)
- Religion
- It was a war between rulers that did not concern them
How did people act towards conchies?
They were hostile towards them and called them cowards
Where did conchies have to apply for an exemption certificate?
The Local Tribunal
What were alternativists prepared to do? Give an example.
Other war work like providing medical help on the frontline
What were absolutists prepared to do?
Nothing to do with the war.
What were absolutists convicted of and why was this punishment granted to them?
Death sentence only to deter others
How many conchies died in prison?
73
In WWII what did conchies lose the right to?
They could not vote anymore
Since what year do all officers have to complete basic training at the National Police College?
1947
What were dog handling units used for? (2)
- To sniff out drugs
- To strengthen police presence
Which unit fought crimes that attempted to obtain financial advantages?
Economic Crime Unit
What did the National Crime Agency do?
Tried to cut organised crime
Which unit combatted e-crime?
Police Central e-crime
Who does the Special Branch work with?
MI5
By 1970s what was there no more of?
No more foot patrol
Since what year was there now fingerprint and chemical analysis?
1901
Since 1930s what do all officers now carry?
2 way radios
What is the ANPR?
Automatic Number Plate Recognition
What PNC holds records and fingerprints since 1974?
Police National Computer
When did Neighbourhood Watch begin?
1982
When were the first female officers introduced?
1920
In what year were 7% of officers female?
1977
In what year are the percentage of female officers 28%?
2015
In 1900, how many local police forces and officers were there?
200 local police forces and 42,000 officers
In 1900, how many miles was the daily beat and what was the only training?
20 miles. Military drills was the only training.
In 1900, what was the equipment? (3)
Pistols, whistle and truncheon
What is the equipment now? (4)
- Baton
- Pepper spray
- CS gas
- Tasers
How was Derek Bentley handicapped?
He had severe learning difficulties and was easily led.
How old was Bentley and how old was Craig when they were caught?
19 and 16
In what month and year were they caught?
Nov 1952
Who asked Craig to hand the gun?
Detective Sergeant Fairfax
What did Bentley say meaning that Craig shot Fairfax in the ……. ?
“Let him have it!”. Craig shot him in the shoulder
Why was Bentley executed, when Craig wasn’t?
He was old enough whereas Craig was a minor
Why was there sympathy towards Bentley? (2)
- He was not very intelligent
- His wording brought controversy
When was Bentley pardoned?
1998
After 1940s what 3 things increased?
- Average length of sentences
- Chance of sentencing
- Number of people awaiting trial (on remand)
What did Ofsted judge over half the prisons as in 2014?
Inadequate for learning and skills
When was the first borstal introduced?
1902
What was a borstal?
A prison for young offenders
What percentage of young offenders went on to reoffend?
60%
What year were borstal abolished?
1982
What was introduced in 1932 for under 15s?
Approved schools
Why did approved schools fail in 1959?
Due to absconding
When were Attendance Centres introduced and what age group was it for?
1948 for 10-21 years old
What do Attendance Centres now deal with?
18-24 year olds
What is the first action taken for a young offender?
They work with police and social workers
What is the last chance for a young offender before custody?
Attendance Centres
In what 3 places does custody occur?
- Secure Children’s Home
- Secure Training Centre
- YOI
What does YOI stand for?
Young Offenders’ Institution
When was probation introduced?
1907
What are the rules of probation? (2)
- Report to the police once a week
- Meet with a probation officer
When was birching abolished?
In 1962
What 2 things were introduced in 1967?
Parole and suspended sentences
What is parole?
If you behave well, less sentence
What are suspended sentences?
If you don’t re-offend, no more prison
In 1972, what was introduced and what is it?
Community Service Orders, where offenders have to do between 40 and 300 hours of unpaid community work
In 1990s what was introduced to track movement?
Electronic tagging
Describe acts on homosexuality, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1967 Sexual Offences Act: decriminalised homosexuality for men over 21
- 2005 Criminal Justice Act: more severe sentences handed out for hate crimes
- Change
- A ‘sexual revolution’ took place in the 1960s; people had more liberal attitudes towards sex
Describe acts on racial crimes, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1968 Race Relations Act: criminalised refusing jobs, housing or public services due to ethnic background
- 2006 Race and Religious Hatred Act: criminalised spreading racial/religious hatred
- Change
- In the 1950s people from Commonwealth countries moved to Britain to work, and laws were needed for them to be treated fairly
Describe acts on domestic violence, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1976 Domestic Violence Act: victims of a violent partner could ask for an injunction (forbids an action/behaviour)
- 1991: rape within marriage recognised as a crime
- 2014: controlling/ coercive behaviour in a relationship was seen as a crime
- Change
- In the 1800s violence inside a marriage was seen as a private issue
- In the 1900s women had more rights and laws were passed to stop violence and intimidation in a marriage
- Even after that women were still expected to satisfy their husbands’ sexual demands
- 2 women in England and Wales are killed weekly by a current or previous partner
Describe acts on abortion, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1967 Abortion Act: legalised an abortion if: the child would have severe disabilities, or 2 independent doctors had agreed that the mother was at risk of serious mental/physical harm
- 1968: legal limit for abortion was 28 weeks as babies born before this could not survive
- Change
- Initially abortion was illegal except for few, strict medical reasons
- Women who wanted an abortion had to resort to dangerous ‘backstreet abortions’, or trying to abort the baby themselves
- Abortion was legalised due to health concerns and changing social attitudes
Describe acts on driving offences, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 1925 Criminal Justice Act: made it illegal to drive a car while drunk
- 1967 Road Safety Act: set a maximum limit for the amount of alcohol a person could have in their bloodstream and drive
- Stopping dangerous driving: change
- Car theft: continuity in a new form
- By the 1930s cars were widespread and cheap, but very dangerous- drivers didn’t even need a licence
- 7343 people were killed on roads in 1934
- After 1935, tests, road tax, MOT and car insurance were required
Describe acts on smuggling and drug offences, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 2015 Modern Slavery Act: allowed restrictions to be placed on those convicted (or waiting to be convicted) of modern slavery offences and other measures were introduced to stop modern slavery
- Smuggling and people trafficking: continuity
- In the 1800s poor girls were sold into prostitution
- Some immigrants pay to be smuggled into the country
- 1971 Misuse of Drugs Act: criminalised taking or supplying certain drugs
- Drug offences: change
- Better transport has made smuggling harder to prevent (millions travel by air, sea and land)
- The demand for illegal drugs has risen over the past 40 years
Describe acts on terrorism, whether they’re a change or not, and an explanation why.
- 2000 Terrorism Act: first of a series of acts aimed at terrorism in general rather than that in Northern Ireland
- Continuity in a new form
- The Gunpowder Plot was also a plan to use violence, fear and intimidation to publicise a political cause
- In the 1970s and 80s the IRA used violence to campaign for Irish Nationalism
- Lately Al-Qaeda and Isis use terror in Europe
- Terrorists also use the internet to spread their message
