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PSYCH > White Blood Cells > Flashcards

White Blood Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Which white blood cells are produced from the common myeloid progenitor?

A

Granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

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2
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes are in the blood whilst macrophages are in tissue

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3
Q

What are the main functions of neutrophil granulocytes?

A

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing of phagocytosed bacteria

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4
Q

What are the main functions of basophils granulocytes?

A

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing of phagocytosed bacteria, medication of immediate type hypersensitivity, modulates inflammation responses by releasing heparin

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5
Q

What is the main functions of eosinophils

A

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing of phagocytosed bacteria, defense against parasitic infection

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6
Q

What is left shift?

A

When there is a presence of earlier forms of neutrophils eg band forms

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7
Q

How many lobes is normal for a neutrophil?

A

3-5

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8
Q

What is it called when there are more than 5 lobes in a neutrophil

A

Hyper segmented neutrophil

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9
Q

What are the steps of chemotaxis?

A

MARDi MP

Migration 
Adhesion
Rolling
Diapediesis
Migration
Phagocytosis
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10
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

When white blood cells migrate across the blood vessel wall

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11
Q

How many lobes do eosinophils contains?

A

2

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12
Q

What is contained within the granules of basophils?

A

Heparin, histamine and proteolytic enzymes

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13
Q

How do you identify basophils?

A

They have many granules in their cytoplasm

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14
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Present antigens to lymphoid cells

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15
Q

How are macrophages related to iron?

A

They store and release iron

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16
Q

What white blood cells derive from the common lymphoid progenitor?

A

T cell, B cells and NK cells

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17
Q

What do B lymphocytes produce?

A

Antibodies

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18
Q

What do NK Cells do?

A

Part of innate immunity - kill tumour and virus infected cells

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19
Q

What is leucocytosis?

A

To many white blood cells of any type

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20
Q

What is meant by neutrophilia , basophilia and eosinophillia?

A

Too many of each type of white blood cell

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21
Q

What is leucopenia?

A

Too little of any type of white blood cell

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22
Q

What is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

What color of eosinophils appear when stained?

A

Red granules and two lobes

24
Q

What can cause too many neutrophils?

A

NICE PreT

Neoplasm
Infection
Corticosteroids
Exercise
Pregnancy
Tissue damage
25
How does exercise increase the number of neutrophils?
Exercise causes a rapid shift of neutrophils from marginated pool to circulating pool
26
What might neutrophilia be accompanied with?
Left shift and toxic changes
27
What is toxic granulation of neutrophils?
Heavy course granulation of neutrophils
28
What causes neutropenia?
BRAID Benign ethnic neutropenia - people of African descent Radiotherapy Autoimmune disorders Infections - severe viral and bacterial infections Drugs - eg chemotherapy
29
What is considered a low neutrophil count?
<0.5 x 10^9/L
30
What is lymphocytosis?
Too many lymphocytes
31
How to recognize lymphocytosis from a blood film?
Find atypical lymphocytes eg in Epstein Barr Virus infection Basophillic cytoplasm Scalloped margins of WBC
32
What condition in children causes lymphocytosis?
Whopping cough
33
What is a cause of lymphopenia?
HIV infection Also: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, corticosteroid
34
What causes monocytosis?
Infection or chronic inflammation
35
What causes eosinophilia?
Due to allergy or parasitic infection, asthma, eczema
36
What causes basophillia?
Leukemia
37
A 6-year old child is diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The doctor warns the parents that their child is more susceptible to infections. Why is this the case?
The childs bone marrow cells are not infiltrated with cancer cells
38
How do macrophages form?
Myeloid stem cells can give rise to monocytes | Monocytes migrate to tissue where they develop into macrophages
39
Which white blood cell stores and releases iron?
Macrophages
40
What do B lymphocytes mature into?
Plasma cells which secrete antibodies
41
What is meant by Reactive or Secondary changes?
Occur when a normal or healthy bone marrow responds to an external stimulus such as Infection, inflammation or infarction
42
What is a primary blood cell disorder?
The leukocyte count or morphology is abnormal due to acquired somatic DNA damage affecting a haematopoietic precursor cell giving rise to blood cancers such as leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma or myeloproliferative disorders
43
What are causes of neutrophillia?
infection (particularly bacterial infection), inflammation, infarction or other tissue damage,
44
What lifestyle factors could cause neurophilli?
Pregnancy Exercise Corticosteroids
45
When might toxic granulation be seen?
During pregnancy
46
What is meant by left shft in terms of neutrophillia?
There is an increase in non-segmented neutrophils in the blood (these are known as band forms)
47
What causes chronic myeloid leukaemia?
CML results from a translocation (exchange of material) between chromosomes 9 and 22, occurring in a single haemopoietic stem cell, resulting in the formation of a fusion gene, ABL:BCR
48
Why does the fusion gene BCR:ABL cause CML?
The fusion protein has constitutive tyrosine kinase activity which drives autonomous blood cell proliferation
49
What happens to the spleen in CML?
Enlarged spleen
50
What causes too many monocytes?
infection (particularly chronic bacterial infection) or chronic inflammation
51
What might lymphocytes due to a viral infection look like?
Intensely basophilic cytoplasm, scalloped margins and hugging of the surrounding red blood cells
52
What cell type is characteristic of chronic myeloid leukaemia?
Smudge cells
53
What are some haematological features of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?
Leukocytosis with lymphoblasts in the blood Anaemia (normocytic, normochromic) Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) Replacement of normal bone marrow cells by lymphoblasts
54
Why might a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia have bruising and be pale?
Bruising is due to lack of platelets Pale is due to anaemia both these occur due to the replacement of normal bone marrow cells with lymphoblasts
55
What are the treatment options for ALL?
``` Supportive Red cells Platelets Antibiotics Systemic chemotherapy Intrathecal chemotherapy ```
56
What are the causes of lymphopenia?
HIV infection Chemotherapy Radiotherapy Corticosteroids

PSYCH (78 decks)

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