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White Blood Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Which white blood cells are produced from the common myeloid progenitor?

A

Granulocytes - neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

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2
Q

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

A

Monocytes are in the blood whilst macrophages are in tissue

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3
Q

What are the main functions of neutrophil granulocytes?

A

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis and killing of phagocytosed bacteria

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4
Q

What are the main functions of basophils granulocytes?

A

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing of phagocytosed bacteria, medication of immediate type hypersensitivity, modulates inflammation responses by releasing heparin

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5
Q

What is the main functions of eosinophils

A

Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing of phagocytosed bacteria, defense against parasitic infection

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6
Q

What is left shift?

A

When there is a presence of earlier forms of neutrophils eg band forms

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7
Q

How many lobes is normal for a neutrophil?

A

3-5

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8
Q

What is it called when there are more than 5 lobes in a neutrophil

A

Hyper segmented neutrophil

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9
Q

What are the steps of chemotaxis?

A

MARDi MP

Migration 
Adhesion
Rolling
Diapediesis
Migration
Phagocytosis
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10
Q

What is diapedesis?

A

When white blood cells migrate across the blood vessel wall

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11
Q

How many lobes do eosinophils contains?

A

2

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12
Q

What is contained within the granules of basophils?

A

Heparin, histamine and proteolytic enzymes

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13
Q

How do you identify basophils?

A

They have many granules in their cytoplasm

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14
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Present antigens to lymphoid cells

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15
Q

How are macrophages related to iron?

A

They store and release iron

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16
Q

What white blood cells derive from the common lymphoid progenitor?

A

T cell, B cells and NK cells

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17
Q

What do B lymphocytes produce?

A

Antibodies

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18
Q

What do NK Cells do?

A

Part of innate immunity - kill tumour and virus infected cells

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19
Q

What is leucocytosis?

A

To many white blood cells of any type

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20
Q

What is meant by neutrophilia , basophilia and eosinophillia?

A

Too many of each type of white blood cell

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21
Q

What is leucopenia?

A

Too little of any type of white blood cell

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22
Q

What is the most abundant type of white blood cell?

A

Neutrophils

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23
Q

What color of eosinophils appear when stained?

A

Red granules and two lobes

24
Q

What can cause too many neutrophils?

A

NICE PreT

Neoplasm
Infection
Corticosteroids
Exercise
Pregnancy
Tissue damage
25
Q

How does exercise increase the number of neutrophils?

A

Exercise causes a rapid shift of neutrophils from marginated pool to circulating pool

26
Q

What might neutrophilia be accompanied with?

A

Left shift and toxic changes

27
Q

What is toxic granulation of neutrophils?

A

Heavy course granulation of neutrophils

28
Q

What causes neutropenia?

A

BRAID

Benign ethnic neutropenia - people of African descent
Radiotherapy
Autoimmune disorders
Infections - severe viral and bacterial infections
Drugs - eg chemotherapy

29
Q

What is considered a low neutrophil count?

A

<0.5 x 10^9/L

30
Q

What is lymphocytosis?

A

Too many lymphocytes

31
Q

How to recognize lymphocytosis from a blood film?

A

Find atypical lymphocytes eg in Epstein Barr Virus infection
Basophillic cytoplasm
Scalloped margins of WBC

32
Q

What condition in children causes lymphocytosis?

A

Whopping cough

33
Q

What is a cause of lymphopenia?

A

HIV infection

Also: chemotherapy, radiotherapy, corticosteroid

34
Q

What causes monocytosis?

A

Infection or chronic inflammation

35
Q

What causes eosinophilia?

A

Due to allergy or parasitic infection, asthma, eczema

36
Q

What causes basophillia?

A

Leukemia

37
Q

A 6-year old child is diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. The doctor warns the parents that their child is more susceptible to infections. Why is this the case?

A

The childs bone marrow cells are not infiltrated with cancer cells

38
Q

How do macrophages form?

A

Myeloid stem cells can give rise to monocytes

Monocytes migrate to tissue where they develop into macrophages

39
Q

Which white blood cell stores and releases iron?

A

Macrophages

40
Q

What do B lymphocytes mature into?

A

Plasma cells which secrete antibodies

41
Q

What is meant by Reactive or Secondary changes?

A

Occur when a normal or healthy bone marrow responds to an external stimulus such as Infection, inflammation or infarction

42
Q

What is a primary blood cell disorder?

A

The leukocyte count or morphology is abnormal due to acquired somatic DNA damage affecting a haematopoietic precursor cell giving rise to blood cancers such as leukaemia, lymphoma, myeloma or myeloproliferative disorders

43
Q

What are causes of neutrophillia?

A

infection (particularly bacterial infection), inflammation, infarction or other tissue damage,

44
Q

What lifestyle factors could cause neurophilli?

A

Pregnancy
Exercise
Corticosteroids

45
Q

When might toxic granulation be seen?

A

During pregnancy

46
Q

What is meant by left shft in terms of neutrophillia?

A

There is an increase in non-segmented neutrophils in the blood (these are known as band forms)

47
Q

What causes chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

CML results from a translocation (exchange of material) between chromosomes 9 and 22, occurring in a single haemopoietic stem cell, resulting in the formation of a fusion gene, ABL:BCR

48
Q

Why does the fusion gene BCR:ABL cause CML?

A

The fusion protein has constitutive tyrosine kinase activity which drives autonomous blood cell proliferation

49
Q

What happens to the spleen in CML?

A

Enlarged spleen

50
Q

What causes too many monocytes?

A

infection (particularly chronic bacterial infection) or chronic inflammation

51
Q

What might lymphocytes due to a viral infection look like?

A

Intensely basophilic cytoplasm, scalloped margins and hugging of the surrounding red blood cells

52
Q

What cell type is characteristic of chronic myeloid leukaemia?

A

Smudge cells

53
Q

What are some haematological features of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia?

A

Leukocytosis with lymphoblasts in the blood
Anaemia (normocytic, normochromic)
Neutropenia
Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
Replacement of normal bone marrow cells by lymphoblasts

54
Q

Why might a child with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia have bruising and be pale?

A

Bruising is due to lack of platelets

Pale is due to anaemia

both these occur due to the replacement of normal bone marrow cells with lymphoblasts

55
Q

What are the treatment options for ALL?

A 
Supportive
Red cells
Platelets
Antibiotics
Systemic chemotherapy
Intrathecal chemotherapy
56
Q

What are the causes of lymphopenia?

A

HIV infection
Chemotherapy
Radiotherapy
Corticosteroids

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