Genitourinary Systems COPY COPY Flashcards
What are the functions of the kidney?
Excretion of metabolic products Excretion of foreign substances Regulation of body fluids, acid-base regulation and electrolytes Control of Blood Pressure Secretes Hormones
What metabolic products does the kidney excrete?
Urea, Uric acid Creatinine
What foreign substances does the kidneys excrete?
Drugs
What hormones does the kidney secrete?
Erythropoietin, Renin
Why does the medulla have a striated appearance?
Due to the loops of Henle extending into the medulla
Why does the cortex of the kidney have a granular appearance?
Due to other components of the nephron other than the loops of Henle
Describe the blood vessels which blood passes into the kidney and out the kidney by?
Renal Artery Segmental Artery Interlobar Artery Arcuate Artery Interlobular Artery Afferent Arteriole Glomerular Capillaries Efferent Arteriole Peritubular Capillaries Interlobular Vein Arcuate Vein Interlobar Vein Renal Vein
After the bowmans capsule, describe the passage of the urine?
Filtrate into the Proximal Convoluted tubule Loop of Henle - Thin Descending loop of Henle - Thin Ascending loop of Henle - Thick Ascending loop of Henle
The Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct
What is the purpose of the detrusor muscle?
To contract and build pressure in the urinary bladder to support urination
Where is the trigone found?
At the base of the bladder, near the ureteric opening
What does the trigone do?
Stretching of the triangular region of the trigone signals the brain about the need for urination
What does the bulbourethral gland do?
Produces thick lubricant which is added to watery semen to promote sperm survival
What type of muscle is the internal sphincter?
Smooth muscle
What type of control is the internal sphincter under?
Involuntary control
What type of control is the external sphincter under?
voluntary control
What type of muscle is the external sphincter?
Striated muscle
Where is the external sphincter muscle found?
Surrounding the urethra
What are the two types of cells found in the collecting duct?
Principal cells and intercalated cells
How does the mitochondrial density differ between the principal and intercalated cells?
Principal = low density of mitochondria
Intercalated = rich in mitochondria
What is the mitochondrial density of the epithelial cells in the proximal convoluted tubule?
Rich in mitochondria
What is the mitochondrial density of the epithelial cells in the distal convoluted tubule?
rich in mitochondria
What is the mitochondrial density of the epithelial cells in the thin descending Loop of Henle?
Low density of mitochondria
What is the mitochondrial density of the epithelial cells in the thin ascending Loop of Henle?
Low in mitochondria
What is the mitochondrial density of the epithelial cells in the thick ascending Loop of Henle?
rich in mitochondria
What are the two types of nephron?
Superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons
What is the difference between the superficial and juxtamedullary nephrons?
Superficial - loop of Henle only extends into the outer medulla, not inner
Juxtamedullary - loop of Henle extends further into the inner medulla, and the glomeruli lie closer to the border between the medulla and the cortex
What is the ratio of superficial to juxtaglomerular?
10:1
What are the constituents of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Macula densa
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
Juxtaglomerular cells
Where is the macula densa found?
In the distal convoluted tubule
Where are the juxtaglomerular cells found?
In the afferent arteriole
Which cells are involved in renin secretion?
Juxtaglomerular cells
What is the function of the macula densa?
GFR regulation through tubulo-glomerular feedback mechanism.