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PSYCH > 1a Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

1a Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system (ANS) a subdivision of?

A

the Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What non-skeletal peripheral functions does the ANS control?

A

Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Internal Organs
Skin

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3
Q

What sort of stimuli does the Somatic sensory neurone deal with?

A

external sensory stimuli from the periphery

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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5
Q

What does parasympathetic nervous system deal with?

A

Rest and digest

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6
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system deal with?

A

Fight and flight

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7
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the eye?

A

Sympathetic: pupil dilation
Parasympathetic: pupil constriction

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8
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the heart?

A

Para: decreases heart rate and strength of contractions
Symp: increase heart rate and strength of contractions

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9
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the Stomach?

A

Para: increase secretions and motility to increase rate of digestion
Symp: decrease secretions and motility

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10
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the lungs?

A

Symp: increase breathing rate by dilation
Para: decrease dilation

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11
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the liver?

A

sympathetic: increase glucose release
para: increase bile release

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12
Q

What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic responses of the bladder?

A

Sympathetic: relaxation
Para: Contraction

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13
Q

Is the control of blood vessels and vasculature under parasympathetic or sympathetic control?

A

Sympathetic

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14
Q

Where do visceral motor nuclei originate?

A

Hypothalamus

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15
Q

What do autonomic neurones consist of?

A

Pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurones

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16
Q

In parasympathetic neurones, is the pre-ganglionic fibre longer or shorter than the post-ganglionic fibres?

A

Longer

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17
Q

In the sympathetic neurone, is the pre-ganglionic fibre longer or shorter than the post-ganglionic fibres?

A

Shorter

18
Q

What is the exception to the two neurone arrangement in the autonomic nervous system?

A

The adrenal gland - only has one sympathetic nerve

19
Q

Which synpase releases noradrenaline?

A

The sympathetic post-ganglionic fibres

20
Q

What does the adrenal gland secrete?

A

A hormone - adrenaline

21
Q

In parasympathetic neurones, what neurotransmitter is released from the pre and post-ganglionic nerve? and what receptor?

A

Pre-ganglionic: ACh using nicotinic
Post: ACh uring muscarinic

22
Q

In sympathetic neurones, what neurotransmitter is released from the pre and post-ganglionic nerve?

A

Pre: ACh using nicotinic receptors
Post: Noradrenaline using adrenergic receptors

23
Q

What are the three types of neurotransmitter receptors what what type are they?

A

Nicotinic receptors: ACh in pre-ganglionic fibres (both sympathetic and parasympathetic)

Muscarinic Receptors: ACh in post-ganglionic of parasympathetic

Adrenergic receptors: Noradrenaline in post-ganglionic of sympathetic

24
Q

How is acetylcholine synthesized?

A

Choline + Acetyl CoA is enzymatically converted using Choline Acetyl transferase

25
Q

what enzyme degrades Acetylcholine?

A

Acetylcholinesterase

26
Q

How is noradrenaline synthesized?

A

Tyrosine converted into DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase

DOPA –> dopamine using DOPA decarboxylase

Dopamine packed into vesicles with dopamine B hydroxylase = noreadrenaline

27
Q

How is adrenaline synthesized?

A

Tyrosine -> DOPA using tyrosine decarboxylase

DOPA -> Dopamine using DOPA carboxylase

Dopamine -> Noradrenaline using Dopamine B Hydroxylase

Noradrenaline -> Adrenaline using phenyl-methyl transferase

28
Q

If there is a high blood pressure, how is this information relayed to the relevant visceral motors and which of the PNS and SNS are switched on?

A

Visceral sensory - baroreceptors detect increase in pressure

Signal sent to the PNS to be sent to CNS

Signal sent from CNS to PNS to visceral motors

Parasympathetic nervous system switched on to reduce blood flow

Sympathetic nervous system switched off to prevent further increase in blood flow

29
Q

what is the only form of control the lung has?

A

Parasympathetic

30
Q

How does the lungs dilate in accordance with the sympathetic response?

A

The release of adrenaline is needed to stimulate bronchodilation

31
Q

Describe how the micturination system prevents urination when the bladder is only half full?

A

Increasing bladder pressure, sympathetic triggered -

Causes the Sphincter to contracts so no urine coming out

32
Q

Describe how the micturination system allows urination when the bladder is full

A

Very high pressure in the bladder leads to the sympathetic control being switched off, and parasympathetic on

Sphincter relaxes allowing urine out and detrusor contracts

33
Q

Which of the sphincter and detrusor is under sympathetic control?

A

Sphincter

34
Q

What affect does the smell of food have?

A

Triggers the parasympathetic system, so the GI tract increases secretion to under go digestion

35
Q

What is the name of the complex neural network within the gut?

A

Enteric system

36
Q

Which receptors mediate FAST excitatory and inhibitory transmission

A

Ion channel receptors

37
Q

Where are the muscarinic G-coupled protein receptors found?

A

Post ganglionic parasympathetic neurones

38
Q

Where are the adrenergic G-coupled protein receptors found?

A

Post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers

39
Q

In the heart, what are the muscarinic and adrenergic receptors responsible for respectively?

A

Muscarinic = decrease rate of contractions

Adrenergic = increase rate of contractions

40
Q

What happens if you block ACh-esterase?

A

ACh accumulates in synaptic cleft and there is a much more powerful ACh effect

41
Q

Describe the action of Adrenaline in the nerve innervating the Adrenal gland

A

Tyrosine converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase and DOPA converted to dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase

Dopamine packaged into vesicles with dopamine Beta hydroxylase, Noradrenaline is the product

Noradrenaline converted to adrenaline in the cytoplasm by phenylethanol methyltransferase

Action potential causes Ca2+ influx & Exocytosis

Exocytosis & Neurotransmitter release

Adrenaline diffuses into capillaries and is transported to tissues in the blood

42
Q

If you take an opioid, what will happen to your pupils and why?

A

Constrict

Parasympathetic nervous system activated

PSYCH (78 decks)

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