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PSYCH > Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of heart failure?

A

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of the body

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2
Q

What is HFpEF?

A

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

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3
Q

What function of the heart if impaired in HFpEF?

A

Diastolic function of the heart

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4
Q

What type of muscle development is found in HFpEF?

A

Concentric muscle development

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5
Q

What heart function is reduced in HFrEF?

A

Systolic function

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6
Q

what is HFrEF?

A

Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction

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7
Q

If a patient has an ejection fraction > or equal to 50%, what condition do they hae?

A

Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction - HFpEF

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8
Q

If a patient has an ejection fraction > or equal to 40%, what condition do they have?

A

heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction - HFrEF

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9
Q

What type of muscle development is seen in HFrEF?

A

Eccentric muscle development - this is where the heart muscle weakens and bcomes more dilated

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10
Q

What is seen on a chest X-Ray in a patient with Heart Failure?

A

Cardiomegaly - increased size of the heart

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11
Q

What is seen on a blood test with patients with Heart Failure?

A

Raised BNP - Brain Natriuretic Peptide

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12
Q

What is the main symptom of Heart Failure?

A

Exertional Dysponea - Breathlessness on exertion

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13
Q

How is heart failure diagnosed?

A

Echocardiography and Raised Natruietic Peptides

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14
Q

What might be seen on an ECG with a heart failure patient?

A

Enlarged QRS complex due to hypertrophy of the ventricles

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15
Q

What is the definition of atrial fibrillation?

A

Abherrent and disorganised electrical activity and contraction within the heart, as currents are generated from all over the atria

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16
Q

What is the underlying cause of atrial fibrillation?

A

Spontaneously active pacemaker cells in the atria that have developed in regions outside the nodes

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17
Q

What physical symptoms can Atrial Fibirllation Result in?

A

Palpitations and chest pain

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18
Q

What would be seen on an ECG of a patient with Atrial Fibrillation?

A

Missing p wave - irregularly irregular rhythm

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19
Q

What causes Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

A

The activation of n accessory conduction pathway which does not go through the AV node

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20
Q

What are the two ECG findings on patients with Wolff Parkinson White syndrome?

A

Biphasic T Wave and Pre-exitation of the ventricles

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21
Q

What causes the Biphasic T wave found in Wolff Parkinson White syndrome?

A

Currents going in both directions

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22
Q

What causes the pre-excitation wave found on an ECG trace in patients with WPW?

A

Ventricular depolarisation before the QRS complex

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23
Q

What is the accessory pathway in WPW called?

A

The bundle of Kent

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24
Q

What are physical symptoms accociated with WPW syndrome?

A

Palpitations and chest pains

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25
What does WPW syndrome cause?
Tachycardia (increased heart rate) and abnormal cardiac electrical conductance
26
What is the definition of an AV Block?
Impaired electrical conduction through the AV node
27
What ECG findings would you expect in Type 1 AV Block?
Increased PR Interval
28
What is the definition of a First-Degree AV Block?
slowing down of conduction through AV node
29
What is the definition of a Second-Degree AV Block?
Reduced transmission of signal from atria to ventricles
30
What would be seen on an ECG of a patient with Second-Degree AV Block?
Increased PR Interval or missing QRS Complexes, depending on the block type
31
What is the definition of a Third-Degree AV Block?
Complete block of current from atria to ventricles
32
What would be seen on an ECG Trace of a patient with Third-Degree AV Block?
P Waves not followed by QRS Complexes
33
What is the underlying cause of a conduction block?
Damage (fibrosis, calcification or necrosis) to the conduction system - Bundle of His or AV Node
34
What are the treatment options for AV Block?
Discontinuation of AV-blocking drugs (e.g. beta-blockers, calcium channel blockers) or pacemaker implantation in severe cases
35
What are the treatment options for Atrial Fibrillation?
strategies to maintain sinus rhythm (e.g. cardioversion, anti-arrhythmics, catheter ablation)
36
What are the treatment options for WPW Syndrome?
Benign so no treatment
37
What is the clinical definition of Hypertension?
Clinical BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg & ambulatory BP daytime average ≥ 135/85 mmHg for prolonged period
38
What is the difference between primary and secondary hypertension?
Primary - When the cause is unknown | Secondary - When hypertension results from another medical condition eg Adrenal Gland Disease
39
What investigations are done to diagnose hypertension?
Blood Pressure Measurement, reading above 135/85 mmHG
40
What are the treatment options for Hypertension?
Lifestyle changes followed by anti-hypertensive medications
41
What are some anti-hypertensive mdications which can be used?
ACE Inhibitors Calcium Channel Blockers Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
42
What is an angina?
Chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by athersclerosis
43
What is a NSTEMI?
A Non ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
44
What is a STEMI?
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
45
What is the definition of an NSTEMI?
Myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis and artery blockage
46
What is the definition of an STEMI?
Serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage
47
What is the underlying cause of STEMI and NSTEMIs?
Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia (angina), artery blockage (NSTEMI) and then complete artery blockage (STEMI)
48
What re the signs and symptoms of engine?
Chest pain on exertion (Stable angina) or at rest (Unstable angina)
49
What are the signs and symptoms of NSTEMI?
Chest pain, sweating, nausea and vomiting
50
What are the Signs and Symptoms of STEMI?
radiating Chest pain, sweating, nausea and vomiting
51
What is the difference in chest pain experienced by patients with a STEMI compared to a NSTEMI?
STEMI = Radiating chest pain
52
What is found raised in the blood in both STEMI and NSTEMI patients?
Troponin Levels
53
What is seen on an ECG Trace in patients with STEMI?
ST-Elevation and reciprocal ST-Depression
54
What treatment is used for angina?
Vasodilators
55
What are the treatment options for NSTEMI and STEMI?
coronary stents, antiplatelets, vasodilators, anti-emetics, oxygen & pain-relief
56
What will hypertrophy of the left ventricle look like on an ECG Trace?
Enlarged QRS Complex
57
What will be seen on an ECG trace in patients with Atrial flutter?
Saw-Tooth configuration of the ECG
58
What is the RR Interval used to measure?
The Heart Rate
59
Which hormone has the largest affect on vasoconstriction?
Angiotensin II
60
Why is endothelin a potent but not the most effective vasoconstrictor in the heart?
Endothilin is stored in small quantities and is not released very often - when it does it has a mainly local effect on the blood vessels, not a large systematic effect like Angiotensin II does
61
Between vasoconstriction and blood volume, which has has the greatest impact on blood pressure?
Vasoconstriction
62
What is afterload determined by?
The blood pressure
63
Who are ACEi and ARBs not recommended for?
Pregnant Women
64
What anti-hypertensive medication is the most preferred?
Calcium Channel Blockers
65
What does a high BNP Indicate?
Heart Failure
66
Which hormone systems does lowered ventricular function activate?
RAAS - Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System Sympathetic - Adrenaline and Noradrenaline AVP - ADH
67
What is he effect of increased Na+ and Water retention?
Increased blood volume and therefore increased preload
68
what does increased vasoconstriction lead to?
A higher blood pressure and therefore increased afterload
69
What happens to cardiac work with changes in preload and afterload?
If both preload and afterload increase, so does cardiac work
70
What do Neprilysin Inhibitors affect?
Cardiac work
71
what is Digoxin?
A Na+ K+ pump imhibitor so affects cardiac work
72
What is Ivabradine?
A funny Current inhibitor so directly impacts cardiac work

PSYCH (78 decks)

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