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Where It All Begins Flashcards

1
Q

Viticulture is

A

The science of grape growing

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2
Q

Name five factors that affect viticulture

A

Climate, soil, grape variety, rootstock, and spacing.

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3
Q

Vines begin to grow when the ambient temperature reaches ____

A

50 degrees Fahrenheit

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4
Q

When the average daily temperature reaches _____ to _____, vines will bud and then flower.

A

63-68 F

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5
Q

Even under favourable climatic conditions, _____ percent of vines flowers never set at all and are destined to die as _____

A

85%, shatter

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6
Q

Macroclimate is

A

The weather patterns of a general area over a long period of time, usually the average of thirty years or more.

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7
Q

Mesoclimate is

A

The climate of a small area, caused by local variations in topography and vegetation, as well as human action.

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8
Q

Microclimate is

A

That area around a wine that extends 6 feet above ground and 3 feet into the soil below that ground.

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9
Q

Why is Santa Barbara is much cooler than Napa is? What is this an example of?

A

It’s closer to the ocean.

Proximity to the ocean matters more than latitude when it comes to climate.

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10
Q

Bodies of water can have a cooling effect, or a warming effect, or both at different times of year. T or F?

A

True

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11
Q

What is bud break, and when does it occur in the northern and Southern Hemispheres?

A

When the lifecycle of the grape begins, when new shoots (small green feathery branches) emerge from dormant buds on the vine.

April 1 in NH, October 1 in SH.

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12
Q

At about _____ degrees grapes shrivel into raisins

A

103

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13
Q

Winegrowers are trying to balance _____ and _____

A

Vigor (growth of leaves and shoots) and fruitfulness (number of grape clusters and size of grapes).

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14
Q

Why is rain bad right before a harvest?

A

Absorbed quickly through the roots, rainwater can gloat the grapes and dilute their flavour. Severe rain could actually tear open grapes.

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15
Q

Rot and mildew is the result of what happening right before harvest?

A

Rain followed by warm temperature high humidity, and no wind.

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16
Q

The difference between average daytime and nighttime temperatures is called

A

Diurnal temperature fluctuation

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17
Q

Explain the diurnal temperature fluctuation in Ribera del Duero

A

Super hot days (100), super cold nights (40). The cold nights effectively shut down ripening and help grapes preserve essential acidity. Delaying ripeness extends the span of time from bud real to harvest, leading to better total physiological maturity

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18
Q

Why is well-drained soil so important?

A

Vines are not arbitrary in the way they grow, they search for water. Well drained souls encourage roots to burrow deeper into the earth, where they find find a more stable environment of moisture and nutrients. VINES WITH FULLY DEVELOPED ROOT SYSTEMS CAN HANDKE DROUGHT OR OTHER CLIMATE DIFFICULTIES BETTER.

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19
Q

Early fall frosts ____

A

Can destroy entire deaths of vineyards, or ravage foliage enough that reopening is impeded, resulting in weakly flavoured wines.

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20
Q

Spring frosts may ____

A

Kill buds and shoots and destroy the potential for a crop

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21
Q

Below ____ degrease, vines trunks may split, leaving it open to infection

A

25 F

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22
Q

Explain two methods used to counter frost

A
  1. Giant windmills help stir up the warm air hovering above the vineyard and and mix it with the colder air that had settled like a thick blanket.
  2. Spray the vines with water, using overhead sprinklers. The water costs the leaves, shots, and buds forming a thin glove of ice that insulates the vines from windchill and traps the plants natural heat.
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23
Q

Why is a severe wind right after flowering so dangerous?

A

It can prevent flowers from setting properly, scattering a them in the air so that they never fertilise and become grapes

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24
Q

Fertile soil that has been transported down a slope, usually by a river or stream. At the bottom of the slope this soil forms a fan that contains gravel, sand, and silt. Found in Napa valley, especially near the foot of the Mayacamas Mountains

A

Alluvial soil

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25
Q

Cooled lava from volcanic rock that is high in calcium, iron, and magnesium. Very evident in the Willamette Valley in Oregon.

A

Basalt

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26
Q

Alkaline soil with high levels of calcium and magnesium carbonate. They are often “cool”, meaning they retain water and delay ripening.

A

Calcareous soil

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27
Q

Very porous, soft limestone that vine roots can easily penetrate. A classic soil in Champagne.

A

Chalk

28
Q

Sedimentary rock-based soil that has good water retention ability but poor drainage. This soil is very “cool” and high in acidity. The right bank of Bordeaux is dominated by this soil.

A

Clay

29
Q

What does a soil being “cool” mean

A

They retain water and delay ripening, thereby leading to more acidic wines

30
Q

Siliceous stone that reflects sun and heat well. The Pouilly-Fume wines of Loire are produced from this soil.

A

Flint

31
Q

Schist-based soil found in the Tuscany region of Italy

A

Galestro

32
Q

A coarse grained form of granite

A

Gneiss

33
Q

A hard, mineral rich soil that is composed of 40%-60% quartz. This soil warms quickly and retains heat well. It is found in Beaujolais and the Cornas region of Northern Rhône Valley

A

Granite

34
Q

Soil that is loose and pebbly and has good drainage and poor fertility. Vines planted in this type of soil must penetrate deeply to find nutrients. The Graves and Sauternes regions of Bordeaux consist of this soil.

A

Gravel

35
Q

Sedimentary soil formed by rivers depositing quartz, mudstone, and feldspar. It is found in Germany, New Zealand, and South Africa

A

Greywacke

36
Q

A dense layer of clay or other material that is impermeable to water. In some areas of Bordeaux, a sandy iron-rich later is located deep enough below the surface to act as the bottom of a water table for the vines

A

Hardpan

37
Q

A wide range of sedimentary based souls consisting of calcium carbonates, many of which are formed from the skeletons of marine organisms. Main soil type in burgundy, champagne, and several parts of the Loire Valley.

A

Limestone

38
Q

A soil type in Proirat appellation of Spain. The soil is a mix of slate and quartz that is very porous and drains well.

A

LLICORELLA

39
Q

Warm, soft, fertile soil composed of roughly equal parts silt, sand, and clay. It is typically too fertile for high-quality wines.

A

Loam

40
Q

Very DJ e, silt based soil composed of wind-born sediment that is typically angular and decalcified. This soil has good water retention and warming properties. It is a common soil type in too Austrian and Washington state vineyards.

A

Loess

41
Q

Calcareous clay based soil that is “cool”. It is typically deep and lacking in stone fragments, it is the main soil type in Piedmont.

A

Marl

42
Q

A common material found in sand and silt based soils. The high soil pH can reduce the acidity in the resulting wines, but also stores heat which can increase the ripening of the grapes. Notable in Nahe, Germany

A

Quartz

43
Q

Warm, airy soil that is composed of tiny particles of weathered rocks. One of the few souls that phylloxera does not thrive in.

A

Sand

44
Q

Laminated, crystalline rock-based soil that retains heat well and is rich in magnesium and potassium but poor in organic nutrients and nitrogen. The upper slopes of Alsace’s Andlau region are planted on this soil.

A

Schist

45
Q

Fine-grain sedimentary based soil that can turn into slate when under geologic pressure. The soil is moderately fertile and retains heat well. New York states finger lakes region has this soil.

A

Shale

46
Q

A flint based and sand based soil, found primarily in Loire. It is a mixture of clay, limestone, and silica.

A

Silex

47
Q

Soil type consisting of fine grain deposits that offer good water retention but poor drainage. It is more fertile than sand.

A

Silt

48
Q

The most common soil type of the Mosel region of Germany. It is metamorphic platelike rock formed when shale clay and siltstone are subjected to pressure deep within the earth.

A

Slate

49
Q

A sedimentary soil, knows as red earth, that is formed after carbonates have been leached out of limestone. Found in some areas along the Mediterranean and in Coonawarra, Australia.

A

Terra Rossa

50
Q

A highly friable calcareous soil created from exploding volcanic rock flung into the air. Common in the Loire valley.

A

Tufa

51
Q

What two soil types are created form volcanic activity, thus are volcanic soils

A

Tufa and Basalt

52
Q

Where were the first grapes grown?

A

Anatolia, southern turkey. Anatolia, part of the Fertile Crescent, grew and harvested grapevines to make wine as early as 8000 B.C.

53
Q

Name a few important characteristics that refine soil types

A

Layers, color, structure, consistency, chemical and mineralogical properties.

54
Q

What is phylloxera?

A

A tiny, yellow, aphidlike bug. It feeds on a vines roots. Native to America. In the 1860s American vines were sent to southern France for experimentation and phylloxera was accidentally introduced into the French ecosystems. Two decades of destruction. Grafting was the solution.

55
Q

Each grape variety is a collection of numerous subtypes called ____

A

Clones

56
Q

A clone is

A

A genetic variation that has been singled out and reproduced.

57
Q

All clones are _____ to their mother, because grapevines are reproduced by ______ not from ______

A

Identical, cuttings, seeds

58
Q

The number of clones any given variety has depends on two factors

A
  1. How old the variety is

2. How genetically erratic it is

59
Q

What is scion another word for?

A

Rootstock

60
Q

Between what years did phylloxera destroy vineyards in Europe?

A

1860-1890

61
Q

Three people responsible for solving phylloxera crisis

A

Jules-Emile Planchon, French botanist.

Charles Valentine Riley, American entomologist.

T. V. Munson, Texas soil expert.

62
Q

What is pruning?

A

The exhausting process of cutting back vines while they are dormant during the winter.

63
Q

Pruning is important because

A

What the pruner leaves becomes the next years crop. Is pruned too severely, wines fruitfulness and strength may be compromised. If pruned too little, vines will push out too many shoots and leave and produce too much fruit.

64
Q

What is trellising?

A

Lifting the vines up and spreading the canopy along wires so the leaves get the sun they need for photosynthesis, but at the same time, the grapes hang freely in the air where, less shades, they get enough sunlight for ripeness and good air circulation to mitigate against rot.

65
Q

The closer vines are spaced, _______

A

The more their roots may have to compete for the same soil, nutrients, and water.

66
Q

Benefits of hand-harvesting

A

People are more gentle, and they are more selective of what they pick (ripe grapes only, no other plant material).

67
Q

Benefits of mechanical harvesting

A

They can operate 24 hours a day, they can pick 300 tons in eight hours (compared to 2 tons by the average person), they can pick during the night, and they are cheaper than the human labour.

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