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1
Q

Factors that influence grape production

A
  • geography (latitude, elevation, etc)
  • climate
  • aspect (direction vineyards face)
  • soil
  • grapes (whether they’re allowed to be planted or suit the climate/soil)
  • viticultural practices
  • harvest
  • annual weather patterns
  • terroir
  • regional wine laws + regulations
  • history of region’s grape growing + winemaking
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2
Q

Considerations that should be made when establishing a new vineyard

A
  • environmental + climate considerations
  • trade + regional considerations
  • grape varietals best suited
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3
Q

Difference between climate and weather

A

Climate is what you expect; Weather is what you get

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4
Q

Majority of the world’s vineyards are located between these two of earth’s latitudes

A

30* - 50* north and south of the equator in the northern and southern hemispheres

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5
Q

Macroclimate

A

refers to the climate of a region

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6
Q

Mesoclimate

A

refers to the climate of a village, a cluster of vineyards on a slope, or a particular vineyard

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7
Q

Microclimate

A

refers to the climate of a single vineyard or even the climate within the vines or around the canopy

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8
Q

4 major climates of winegrowing regions

A
  • Continental
  • Maritime
  • Mediterranean
  • High Desert
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9
Q

Continental climate definition

A
  • has climate extremes: hot summers and cold winters
  • tend to be interior regions
  • northern Rhone and Ribera del Duero are good examples
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10
Q

Maritime climate definition

A
  • are influenced large bodies of water and have warm summers and mild winters with rain falling year-round
  • Bordeaux and Rias Baixas are good examples
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11
Q

Mediterranean climate definition

A
  • have very warm, dry summers and cool, rainy winters
  • usually near or around coastlines
  • Southern Rhone and McLaren Vale are good examples
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12
Q

High Desert climate definition

A
  • are hot and arid, particularly during the day, with temperatures plummeting at night
  • Leona Valley AVA (CA) and Cochise County, AZ are good examples
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13
Q

Temperature descriptors used to further characterize the 4 major climates

A
  • Cool
  • Moderate
  • Warm
  • Hot
  • Tropical/Humid
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14
Q

Diurnal shift definition

A

the difference between the average daytime high temperature and the average nighttime low temperature

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15
Q

Factors that influence a region’s climate

A
  • Diurnal shifts
  • How many hours of sunshine the region gets
  • Weather threats
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16
Q

How the diurnal shift affects the grapes

A
  • If the diurnal range is small, the grapes will ripen more quickly
  • If the diurnal range is large, the grapes will ripen more slowly
17
Q

Ripening speed determines

A

How balances the accumulated sugar and acidity is within the grapes

18
Q

Range of minimum sunshine hours a vine needs during the growing season

A

1200-1500 minimum, depending on the climate/region

(1300 average)

19
Q

Weather threats that affect vineyards

A
  • Hail
  • Frost
  • Deep winter freezes
  • Strong wind
20
Q

How hail affects the vine

A
  • perforating the leaves, making them unable to photosynthesize
  • puncturing or destroying berries, making them useless or decreasing that year’s yield
  • damaging the vine with small wounds, into which disease and rot can fester
21
Q

How frost affects the vine

A
  • it can delay budding and flowering (means grapes are at risk of not fully ripening)
  • new plant material can freeze and die
  • spring frost can decrease the annual yield
22
Q

When frost is most dangerous

A

At budburst – March/April in North. Hemisphere, Sept/Oct in South. Hemisphere

23
Q

Deep freeze affect on vines

A

If it’s severe, the vines are at risk of being killed

24
Q

How strong winds affect vineyards

A
  • uproot vines
  • blow them over
  • blow off delicate flowers, which means no grapes will form
25
Q

2 Geographical climate moderators

A
  • bodies of water
  • mountains
26
Q

How bodies of water influence climate

A

bodies of water can help cool or warm a region

27
Q

How mountains influence climate

A

they can provide:

  • rain shadow
  • vineyard planted at higher elevation
  • wind/drafts that can have cooling or warming effects on vineyards
28
Q

Rain shadow definition

A

is when mountains are at such a high altitude that they block the passage of rainclouds, leaving the downwind side with more sunshine and lower cloud cover and precipitation

29
Q

Temperatures drop by 1 degree for every ___ meters in elevation rise

A

100

30
Q

Higher altitude vineyards are typically found in ________ regions

A

Warmer/hotter regions

31
Q

Higher altitudes lead to

A

cooler temparatures

32
Q

Cooler temperature effects on wine (at high altitude)

A

helps keep sugars and acidity in balance

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