What the liver does L7

Question 1

ischemia=

Answer 1

a restriction in blood supply to tissues (shortage of O2 and glucose)

Question 2

Metabolism

Answer 2

all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state

Question 3

glycolysis=

Answer 3

break down of glucose to pyruvate

Question 4

gluconeogenesis

Answer 4

generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substances

Question 5

glycogenolysis

Answer 5

breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Question 6

lipolysis=

Answer 6

breakdown of lipids from triglycerides to free fatty acids

Question 7

ketone bodies=

Answer 7

type of lipid based energy molecule

Question 8

4 important liver functions

Answer 8

nutrient metabolism
protein synthesis
excretion
storage

Question 9

what is the major functional cell of the liver

Answer 9

hepatocyte

Question 10

what do kupffer cells do

Answer 10

specialised macrophages in the liver

Question 11

what are canaliculi

Answer 11

ducts between hepatocytes that collect bile

Question 12

where do hepatic sinusoids collect blood from

Answer 12

hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein

Question 13

where do hepatic sinusoids deliver blood to

Answer 13

central vein

Question 14

02 conc in the periportal area

Answer 14

high

Question 15

02 conc in perivenous area

Answer 15

low

Question 16

catabolism=

Answer 16

breakdown of molecules to obtain energy

Question 17

anabolism=

Answer 17

the synthesis of all compounds needed by the cells

Question 18

BMR=

Answer 18

basal metabolic rate

Question 19

increased by insulin

Answer 19

fatty acids synthesis
glycogen synthesis
protein synthesis

Question 20

decreased by insulin

Answer 20

ketogenesis

gluconeogenesis

Question 21

increased by glucagon

Answer 21

ketogenesis

gluconeogenesis

Question 22

adrenaline increases in liver

Answer 22

glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis ketogenesis

Question 23

adrenaline increases in adipose tissue

Answer 23

lipolysis

Question 24

adrenaline increases in muscle

Answer 24

glycogenolysis

Question 25

what are semi-essential amino acids

Answer 25

demand may outstrip synthetic capacity under conditions of metabolic stress or trauma

Question 26

what is transamination

Answer 26

amino acid group is transferred to the transaminase enzyme leaving a keto-acid and moved to a different keto-acid

Question 27

what is the co-factor for transaminase enzyme

Answer 27

B6

Question 28

3 main transaminase enzymes

Answer 28

alanine (ALT)
Aspartate (AST)
Glutamate (GGT)

Question 29

what do raised ALT and AST in plasma indicate

Answer 29

liver damage

Question 30

What does raised ALP (alkaline phosphatase) indicate

Answer 30

cholestasis/ cirrohosis

Question 31

increased GGT=

Answer 31

cholestasis

Question 32

increased PT (prothrombin time)=

Answer 32

early indicator of liver damage

Question 33

what is cholestasis

Answer 33

decreased bile flow

Question 34

what does urea come from

Answer 34

ammonia (mainly from glutamate dehydrogenase)

Question 35

where is urea made

Answer 35

in the liver

Question 36

what is phase 1 of liver detoxification

Answer 36

first pass effect

Question 37

what does the first pass effect involve

Answer 37

oxidation
hydrolysis
hydroxylation
deamination

Question 38

what is phase 2 of liver detoxification

Answer 38

detoxification or conjugation pathway

Question 39

what happens in phase 2

Answer 39

the liver cells ass another substance

Question 40

what is a major cause of liver disease

Answer 40

alcohol

Question 41

what is the most common cause of liver disease

Answer 41

NAFLD

Question 42

if GGT is elevated and ALP is normal what is the likely cause

Answer 42

alcohol damage

Question 43

how does alcohol cause liver disease

Answer 43

NADH accumulation drives pyruvate to lactate —> hypoglycemia

Question 44

what are the first cells to die in alcoholic liver disease

Answer 44

perivenous hepatocytes