What the F&^# is that word? Flashcards
Clonorchis sinensis
Clonorchis sinensis, the Chinese liver fluke, is a liver fluke belonging to the class Trematoda, phylum Platyhelminthes. It infects fish-eating mammals, including humans. In humans, it infects the common bile duct and gall bladder, feeding on bile.
Toluene
Toluene (C₆H₅CH₃) is a colorless liquid with a sweet, pungent odor. Exposure to toluene can cause eye and nose irritation, tiredness, confusion, euphoria, dizziness, headache, dilated pupils, tears, anxiety, muscle fatigue, insomnia, nerve damage, inflammation of the skin, and liver and kidney damage.
A/W cholangiocarcinoma along with benzene
Gossypiboma
This patient had a history of surgery three years ago at which time a surgical pack was left in situ forming a gossypiboma.
Scrofula
Scrofula is a condition in which the bacteria that causes tuberculosis causes symptoms outside the lungs. This usually takes the form of inflamed and irritated lymph nodes in the neck. Doctors also call scrofula “cervical tuberculous lymphadenitis”: Cervical refers to the neck.
Case courtesy of Assoc Prof Frank Gaillard, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 9652
Synechiae
Asherman syndrome, also known as uterine synechiae, is a condition characterised by the formation of intrauterine adhesions, which are usually sequela from injury to the endometrium, and is often associated with infertility.
Epidemiology
There is a tendency for the condition to develop soon after pregnancy (usually within four months 9). The incidence is thought to be increasing probably as a result of increased use of intrauterine interventions.
Case courtesy of Dr Ivan Pedrollo, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 31328
DES
Diethylstilboestrol (DES)
Diethylstilboestrol (DES) is a synthetic oestrogen prescribed from the 1940’s to the 1980’s to reduce the risk of a pregnancy complication. However DES (known as ‘stilboestrol’ in New Zealand) was subsequently shown to be ineffective in preventing miscarriage, premature labour or other pregnancy complications. DES has since been shown to interfere with the reproductive and endocrine system.
Women who were prescribed DES (DES mothers) are at an increased risk of developing breast cancer, and this does not increase with age.
Women who were exposed to DES in utero (DES daughters) because their mother took DES during that pregnancy are at an increased risk of breast cancer, rare vaginal and cervical clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCA), precancerous changes to the cells in the vagina and cervix, fertility problems and pregnancy problems. These women also have higher rates of structural abnormalities of the uterus; these are associated with increased perinatal risks of preterm birth and reproductive loss.
Men who were exposed to DES in utero (DES sons) because their mother took DES during that pregnancy are at an increased risk of testicular abnormalities but not testicular cancers or fertility problems.
More research is required to determine the health risks of the grandchildren (DES third generation) of DES mothers.
https://ranzcog.edu.au/RANZCOG_SITE/media/RANZCOG-MEDIA/Women%27s%20Health/Statement%20and%20guidelines/Clinical-Obstetrics/Diethylstilboestrol-Exposure-in-Utero-(C-Obs-56)-Review-March-2021.pdf?ext=.pdf
Pyometra
A pyometra is a collection of pus distending the uterine cavity.
It occurs principally when there is a stenosed cervical os, usually due to uterine or cervical malignancy and treatment with radiotherapy.
However, other causes include:
- Fibroid degeneration.
- Endometrial polyps, endometrial carcinoma.
- Cervical occlusion following surgery (eg, prolapse surgery,[1] endometrial ablation[2]).
- Senile cervicitis.
- Puerperal infections.
- Uterine compression sutures used for postpartum haemorrhage to avoid hysterectomy - eg, the B-Lynch suture.
- Congenital cervical anomalies.[3]
- Forgotten intrauterine device.
- Genital tuberculosis.
- Radiotherapy.
- Following egg retrieval in IVF.[4]
Phenacetin
Risk factor for RCC
Phenacetin (acetophenetidin, N-(4-ethoxyphenyl)acetamide) is a pain-relieving and fever-reducing drug, which was widely used following its introduction in 1887. It was withdrawn from medicinal use as dangerous from the 1970s (e.g., withdrawn in Canada in 1973, and by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 1983).
Risk factor for RCC:
Safety[edit]
Phenacetin, and products containing phenacetin, have been shown in an animal model to have the side effect and after-effect of carcinogenesis. In humans, many case reports have implicated products containing phenacetin in urothelial neoplasms, especially urothelial carcinoma of the renal pelvis. Phenacetin is classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as carcinogenic to humans.[1] In one prospective series, phenacetin was associated with an increased risk of death due to urologic or renal diseases, death due to cancers, and death due to cardiovascular diseases.[12] In addition, people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency may experience acute hemolysis, or dissolution of blood cells, while taking this drug. Acute hemolysis is possible in the case of patients who develop an IgM response to phenacetin leading to immune complexes that bind to erythrocytes in blood. The erythrocytes are then lysed when the complexes activate the complement system.
Chronic use of phenacetin is known to lead to analgesic nephropathy characterized by renal papillary necrosis.[13][14][15] This is a condition which results in destruction of some or all of the renal papillae in the kidneys. It is believed that the metabolite p-phenetidine is at least partly responsible for these effects.[16]
One notable death that can possibly be attributed to the use of this drug was that of the aviation pioneer Howard Hughes. He had been using phenacetin extensively for the treatment of chronic pain; it was stated during his autopsy that phenacetin use may have been the cause of his kidney failure.[17]
Azotemia
Azotemia: Elevated levels of urea and other nitrogen compounds in the blood.
