Mnemonics Flashcards
Causes of chondrocalcinosis
Mneomnic
HOGWASH
- H: hyperparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, haemophilia
- O: ochronosis
- G: gout
- W: Wilson disease
- A: arthritis (rheumatoid, postinfectious, traumatic, degenerative), amyloidosis, acromegaly
- S: pseudogout
- H: haemochromatosis
1-2-3 rule
The 1-2-3 rule is a simple aide-mémoire describing the nomenclature of any small simple anechoic structure in the ovary on ultrasound:
<1 cm = follicle
1-2 cm = dominant follicle
>3 cm = cyst
NF 2 comprises of what?
Mnemonic
MISME
- M: multiple
- I: inherited
- S: schwannomas
- M: meningiomas and
- E: ependymomas
- In fact, labelling this disorder neurofibromatosis type 2 is a misnomer, because neurofibromas are not a part of its constellation of abnormalities 1.
causes of acro-osteolysis
The causes of acro-osteolysis can be remembered using the mnemonic:
PINCH FO
Mnemonic
P: psoriasis/pyknodysostosis
I: injury, e.g. thermal burn, frost bite
N: neuropathy, e.g. diabetes mellitus, leprosy
C: collagen vascular disease, e.g. scleroderma, Raynaud disease
H: hyperparathyroidism
F: familial, e.g. Hajdu-Cheney syndrome
O: other, e.g. polyvinyl chloride exposure, progeria
Ageing blood on MRI
- I Bleed
- T1 Isointense
- T2 Bright
- hyperacute < 1 day
- I Die
- T1 Isointense
- T2 Dark
- acute 1 to 3 days
- Bleed Die
- T1 Bright
- T2 Dark
- early subacute 2 to 7 days
- Bleed Bleed
- T1 Bright
- T2 Bright
- late subacute 7 to 14-28 days
- Die Die
- T1 Dark
- T2 Dark
- chronic >14 to 28 days
anterosuperior mediastinal mass
The common causes of an anterosuperior mediastinal mass can be remembered by using the mnemonic:
5 Ts
Mnemonic
- T: thymus
- T: thyroid
- T: thoracic aorta
- T: terrible lymphoma
- T: teratoma and germ cell tumours - see mediastinal germ cell tumours
- Testicular cancer metastasis can represent a sixth T, and there are other rare causes that should be considered.
common apical lung diseases
- Handy mnemonics to remember common apical lung diseases are:
- CARPETS
- C: CF
- A: Ank spond
- R: radiation
- P: pneumoconiosis
- E: Eosinophilic pneumonia
- T: TB
- S: sarcoid
Rule of 2s
neurofibromatosis type 2
Rule of 2s
neurofibromatosis type 2
- chromosome 22 (22q12) gene location
- bilateral vestibular schwannomas
- presents in 2nd-4th decades (around 20 years)
- initial prevalence estimated to be 1:200,000, now thought ~1:25,000
causes of avascular necrosis/osteonecrosis:
PLASTIC RAGS
P: pancreatitis, pregnancy
L: lupus (SLE)
A: alcohol excess (chronic)
S: steroids
T: trauma
I: idiopathic, infection
C: caisson disease, collagen vascular disease
R: radiation, rheumatoid arthritis
A: amyloid arthropathy
G: Gaucher disease
S: sickle cell disease
commonest causes of basal ganglia T2 hypointensity
The commonest causes of basal ganglia T2 hypointensity can be recalled using the following mnemonic:
ChOMP
Mnemonic
- Ch: childhood hypoxia
- O: old age
- M: multiple sclerosis
- P: Parkinson’s disease, more in globus pallidus
Basal ganglia T2 hypointensities can be caused by any of the following and is commonly remembered using the mnemonic ChOMP.
- childhood hypoxia
- old age
- multiple sclerosis
- Parkinson disease: more in globus pallidus
- Parkinson-plus syndrome: more in putamen
- deoxyhaemoglobin of haemorrhage
- haemosiderin
- calcium in certain states
Causes of Basilar invagination
- P: Paget disease of bone
- F: fibrous dysplasia
- R: rheumatoid arthritis, rickets
- O: osteogenesis imperfecta, osteomalacia
- A: achondroplasia
- C: Chiari I and Chiari II, cleidocranial dysostosis
- H: hyperparathyroidism
five benign lytic lesions that rarely occur in patients over 30 years old
A mnemonic to remember five benign lytic lesions that rarely occur in patients over 30 years old
SCAN Everything
Mnemonic
- S: simple bone cyst
- C: chondroblastoma
- A: aneurysmal bone cyst
- N: non-ossifying fibroma (including fibrous cortical defect)
- E: eosinophilic granuloma
In a patient older than 30 years old these differentials can usually be excluded.
causes of bladder wall calcification
A mnemonic for the causes of bladder wall calcification is:
CREST
Mnemonic
- C: cystitis post radiation therapy/chemotherapy/chronic infection
- R: radiation
- E: eosinophilic cystitis
- S: schistosomiasis
- T: tuberculosis
A helpful mnemonic for remembering the features of a Bochdalek hernia is:
A helpful mnemonic for remembering the features of a Bochdalek hernia is:
5 Bs
Mnemonic
B: Bochdalek
B: big
B: back and lateral, usually on the left side
B: baby
B: bad (associated with pulmonary hypoplasia)
To remember the side in which a Bochdalek hernia more commonly occurs (and to contrast that with Morgagni hernias) Bochdalek has an L for left and Morgagni has an R for right.
A mnemonic for describing bone lesions in a logical order:
A mnemonic for describing bone lesions (of any type) in a logical order:
All Sensible People Must Make Clear and Proper Sense
Mnemonic
- A: age (maturity of skeleton)
- S: site (bone name and location within bone) and size
- P: pattern of destruction (lytic lesions)
- M: margins (transition zone)
- M: matrix
- C: cortical response
- P: periosteal reaction
- S: soft tissue involvement
possible aetiologies of a bone within a bone appearance is:
A useful mnemonic to remember the possible aetiologies of a bone within a bone appearance is:
GHOST DRAGON
Mnemonic
G: growth arrest lines
H: heavy metals, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism
O: osteopetrosis (1st pic)
S: sickle cell anaemia, scurvy, syphilis
T: thalassaemia, tuberculosis
D: disease of Caffey, hypervitaminosis D
R: rickets, radiation therapy
A: acromegaly
G: Gaucher disease
O: oxalosis
N: normal (thoracic/lumbar vertebrae in infants) (second Pic)
common causes of bony sequestrum include:
Mnemonic to help remember common causes of bony sequestrum include:
E-FILM
- E: eosinophilic granuloma
- F: fibrosarcoma
- I: infection (Brodie abscess)
- L: lymphoma (skeletal)
- M: malignant fibrous histiocytoma or metastasis (especially from breast carcinoma)
laryngotracheal separation
ANTERIOR MEDIASTINAL MASSES
mnemonic
TTTT
- Thymus
- thymoma
- cystic
- benign
- invasive
- Thymic Cyst
- Thymic Ca
- Thymic carcinoid
- Thymic Lymphoma
- Thymolipoma
- thymoma
- Thyroid lesions
- TB
- Teratoma
- and other germinal cell lymphomas
- Seminoma
- embroyonal cell ca
- chorioca
- and other germinal cell lymphomas
- Terible Lymphoma
- T-CELL LYMPHOMAS
- NHL
- HL
- T-CELL LYMPHOMAS
OTHERS:
- LAD
- lymphoma
- Sarcoid
- TB
- Aneurysm
Germ Cell Tumours of the thorax
5
- MNEMONIC SECTE
- Seminoma
- Embroyonal cell tumour
- Choriocarcinoma
- Teratoma
- Endodermal Sinus Tumour
A heterogeneous mass is filling most of the left thoracic cavum and displacing the mediastinum to the right. It contains a single focal calcification and a few spots of fat densities. It invades the pericardium, the thoracic wall and the diaphragm.
Case Discussion
CT-guided biopsy was performed.
Histopathology report: Non-seminomatous mixed germ cell tumour composed of mature and immature teratoma, AFP-positive yolk sac tumour, and embryonal carcinoma. Growth fraction > 50%.
The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before surgical resection.
