What occurs in each year of life Test 2

Question 1

18 months

Answer 1

Social/Emotional-
• Shows affection to familiar people
• May be scared of strangers
• May have temper tantrums
• Plays simple pretend like feeding a doll
• Clings to caregivers in new situations
• Points to something interesting
• Explores alone but with parents close by
Language/Communication-
• Says several single words, points to what they want
• Says and shakes head “no”
• Points to show someone what they want
Cognitive(Learning, thinking, problem solving)-
• Knows what ordinary things are for (toothbrush, phone, spoon)
• Points to one body part
• Scribbles on their own
• Can follow 1-step verbal commands without any gestures; for example, sits when you say “sit down”
Movement/Physical Development-
• Walks alone
• Pulls toys while walking
• May walk up steps & run
• Can help undress themselves
• Drinks from cups & eats with spoon

Question 2

2 years

Answer 2

Social/Emotional-
• Copies adults and other children
• Gets excited with other children
• Shows more independence
• Shows defiant behavior (doing what they have been told not to)
• Plays mainly besides other children- parallel play
Language/Communication-
• Points to things when they are named
• Knows names of familiar people and body parts
• Says sentences with 2-4 words
• Follows simple instructions
• Repeats words overheard in conversation
• Points to things in a book
Cognitive (learning,thinking and problem-solving)-
• Finds things even when covered under 2 or 3 covers
• Begins to sort shapes and colors
• Completes sentences and rhymes in familiar books
• Plays simple make believe games
• Builds towers of blocks of 4 or more
• Might use one hand more than the other
• Follows 2 step instructions
Movement/Physical Development-
• Stands on tiptoes
• Kicks a ball
• Begins to run
• Climbs onto and off of furniture without help
• Walks up and down stairs holding on
• Throws ball overhand
• Makes/copies straight lines or circles

Question 3

3 years

Answer 3

Social/emotional-
• Copies adults and friends
• Shows affection towards friends
• Takes turns in games
• Shows concern for crying friend
• Understands the idea of “mine” and “his/hers”
• Shows emotions
• Separates easily from mom and dad
• May get upset with major change in routine
• Dresses and undresses self
Language/communication-
• Follows instructions with 2 or 3 steps
• Can name most familiar things
• Understands words like “in”, “on” “under”
• Says first name, age, and sex
• Names a friend
• Says words like “I,” “me,” “we,” and “you” and some plurals (cars, dogs, cats)
• Talks well enough for strangers to understand most of the time
• Carries on a conversation using 2 to 3 sentences
Cognitive (learning, thinking, problem solving)-
• Can work toys with buttons, levers, and moving parts’
• Plays make-believe with dolls, animals, and people
• Does puzzles with 3 or 4 pieces
• Understands what “two” means
• Copies a circle with pencil or crayon
• Turns book pages one at a time
• Builds towers of more than 6 blocks
• Screws and unscrews jar lids or turns door handle
• Peace sign (can hold scissors, make triangles, draw a circle)
Movement/physical development-
• Climbs well
• Runs easily
• Ride a tricycle
• Walks up and down stairs, one foot on each step

Question 4

4 years

Answer 4

problem solving)
• Name some colors and numbers
• Understands the idea of counting
• Starts to understand time
• Remembers parts of stories
• Understands the idea of same and different
• Draws a person with 2 or 4 body parts
• Uses scissors
• Starts to copy some capital letters
• Plays board or card games
Movement/Physical Development-
• Hops and stands on one foots up to 2 seconds
• Catches a bounced ball most of the time
• Pours, cuts with supervision, and mashes own food

Question 5

5 years

Answer 5

Social/Emotional-
• Wants to please and be like friends
• More likely to agree with rules
• Likes to sing, dance and act
• Is aware of gender
• Can tell what’s real and whats make believe
• More independence
• Sometimes demanding and sometimes very cooperative
Language/Communication-
• Speaks very clearly
• Tells a simple story using full sentences
• Uses future tense
• Says name and address
Cognitive (learning, thinking, and problem solving)-
• Counts 10 or more things
• Can draw a person with at least 6 body parts
• Can print some letter or numbers
• Copies a triangle and other geometric shapes
• Knows about everyday items
Movement/ Physical development-
• Stands on one foot for 10 seconds or longer
• Hops
• May be able to skip
• Can do a somersault
• Uses a fork and spoon and sometimes a table knife
• Can use the toilet on their own
• Swings and climbs

Question 6

6-12 years (school-age)

Answer 6

• Starts taking part in activities that require practice
o Ex: playing the flute, practicing soccer, two wheel bike rides, jump rope

• Physical Growth:
o Gains (1.4-2.2kg) 3-5 lbs./ year
o Grows 4-6 cm (1.5-2.5 in.)/ year
o *rapid increase in size commonly occur
 Girls start growth spurts at 9-10 while boys get growth spurts later on
• Fine Motor:
o Arts and crafts
o Playing cards and board games
• Gross Motor:
o Rides two wheeler
o Jump ropes
o Roller skates/ ice skates
• Sensory Ability:
o Can read
o Able to concentrate for a longer period of time on activities by filtering out surrounding sounds
• Cognitive Development:
o Able to use conservation (the matter is not changed when the form is altered)
 Ex: Looking at a tall thin glass and a short wide glass. Able to recognize, although it may look like a taller glass holds more water, the quantity is the same
• Play
o Cooperative play (6-12 years old)
 two or more children are playing with blocks building the same thing, talking with each other and working together to create something
• Activities
o Gross motor development is fostered by ball play, skating , dancing, snowboarding, biking
o Industry is fostered by playing musical instruments, gathering collections, playing videogames, boardgames and starts hobbies
o Reading, crafts, word puzzle and schoolwork
• Sexuality
o Stranger danger
o finds out who is a safe person to talk to

Question 7

12-18 years (adolescence)

Answer 7

• Identity vs Role Confusion
o Erickson’s Psychosocial Theory
o Develops sense of identity
• Signs of Confusion
o Don’t know who they are or what they like
o Drift
o No direction
o Disappointment
o Confused
• Piaget’s Cognitive Development
o Formal Operations Stage
 Able to think abstractly and logically
• Kohlberg’s Theory of moral development
o Preconventional Morality:
 Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward
o Conventional Morality:
 By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake
o Postconventional Morality:
 Affirms people’s agreed-upon rights or follows personally perceived ethnic principles
• Adolescent Brain
o Frontal Cortex and Amygdala are not fully developed, which is why planning and moral reasoning are slow to develop
• Female physical Development:
o Thelarche: breast development
o Hypothalamus signals anterior pituitary to make and release gonadotropins
o Increase in fat occurs
o Hips become broader
o Pubic hair shows
o Menarche (first menstruation)
o Thelarche occurs first, then Menarche
o Occurs between the ages 8-16 (around 12)
o Gains 15-55 lbs. during puberty
o Grows about 2-8 inches and stops around age 16
• Male Physical Development:
o LH causes balls to get bigger and there is an increase in testes activity
o Gains 15-65 lbs.
o Gains 4-12 inches and ends at 20 years old
• Sleep
o Required 8.5 to 9 hours/ night
o Melatonin makes you sleep and is activated around 11
o Cortisol wakes you up later in the morning compared to children
• How to talk to Adolescence:
o A.B.L.E.
 A: always answer their questions
 B: Be brief and to the point
 L: leave the door open for more communication
 E: End with supportive comments