What is Diabetes Mellitus? Flashcards
What is diabetes mellitus?
A group of metabolic diseases characterised by hyperglycemia together with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. Results in insulin secretion and action defect
What are symptoms of hyperglycemia?
Polydipsia, polyuria, blurred vision, weight loss, infections
What are the long term complications of hyperglycaemia?
Retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy
stroke, MI, PVD
How does one diagnose diabetes?
ONE Diagnostic lab glucose plus symptoms
TWO Diagnostic lab glucose or HbA1c levels without symptoms
What do HbA1c tests determine?
Gives indication of blood glucose levels over the last 8-12 weeks
When can HbA1c not be used for diagnosis?
all children and young people, during pregnancy, short duration of diabetes symptoms, patients at high risk of diabetes who are acutely ill, patients with renal failure, HIV patients, patients with acute pancreatic damage
What is the clinical manifestation of type 1 DM?
Short Duration of thirst, tiredness, polyuria, nocturia, weight loss, blurred vision, abdominal pain
On Examination - ketones on breath, dehyrdation, increased respiratory rate, tachycardia, hypotension, low grade infection
What are the risk factors of diabetes?
Overweight, family history, over 30 (if Maori,Asian), 40+ years if european, previous history of gestational diabetes, inactive lifestule, previous high blood glucose
What is MODY?
Maturity Onset Diabetes in the Young
What can cause MODY
Glucokinase Mutations or Transcription Factor Mutation
How does a glucokinase mutation present?
Onset at birth, stable hyperglycaemia, diet treatment and complications are rare
How does a transcription factor mutation present?
Adolescent/young adult onset, progressive hyperglycaemia, 1/3 diet, 1/3 OHA, 1/3 insulin and complications are frequent
What are some causes of secondary diabetes mellitus?
Drug therapy (corticosteroids), pancreatic destruction, genetic syndromes (DIDMOAD), rare endocrine disorders
What is gestational diabetes?
Hyperglycaemia of pregnancy
When does gestational develop?
2nd or 3rd trimester
