Endocrine Anatomy

Question 1

Where does the pituitary gland lie?

Answer 1

Within the hypophyseal fossa

Question 2

On which bone is the hypophyseal fossa located?

Answer 2

The sphenoid

Question 3

How is the optic chiasm related to the pituitary?

Answer 3

It lies superior

Question 4

What does an enlarged pituitary gland result in?

Answer 4

Bitemporal Hemianopia

Question 5

How is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 5

Via the pituitary stalk

Question 6

How is the pituitary gland split?

Answer 6

Into anterior and posterior lobes

Question 7

Which of the two pituitary lobes is glandular?

Answer 7

The anterior lobe

Question 8

What does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 8

ADH and oxytocin

Question 9

Describe the histology of the anterior pituitary

Answer 9

ACIDOPHILS - stain pink
BASOPHILS - stain light purple
CHROMOPHOBES- appear pale

Question 10

What do somatotrophs secrete?

Answer 10

Growth Hormone —> liver and muscles

Question 11

What do mammotrophs secrete?

Answer 11

Prolactin —> mammary glands

Question 12

What are the two classes of acidophils?

Answer 12

Somatotrophs and mammotrophs

Question 13

What are the three classes of Basophils?

Answer 13

Corticotrophs, Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs

Question 14

What do corticotrophs secrete?

Answer 14

ACTH —> Adrenal Gland

MSH —> skin and hair?

Question 15

What do thyrotrophs secrete?

Answer 15

TSH —> Thyroid

Question 16

What do gonadotrophs secrete?

Answer 16

FSH —> Ovary

LH —> Ovary and Testis

Question 17

Where do the arteries which supply the pituitary originate from?

Answer 17

The internal carotid artery

Question 18

Name the two arteries which supply the pituitary?

Answer 18

The superior hypophysial artery and the inferior hypophysial artery

Question 19

What occurs to the superior hypophysial artery do when it enters into the substance of the hypothalamus?

Answer 19

Split into capillaries which supply the anterior pituitary gland

Question 20

What artery supplies the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 20

The inferior hypophysial artery

Question 21

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary?

Answer 21

The hypophyseal portal system

Question 22

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior pituitary?

Answer 22

The infundibulum

Question 23

What drains the pituitary gland?

Answer 23

Hypophysial veins which drain into the cavernous sinus

Question 24

Where is the thyroid in relation to the trachea and larynx?

Answer 24

Anterior to trachea, inferior to the larynx

Question 25

Where is the thyroid located?

Answer 25

Vertebral level c5-t1 and between the thyroid cartilage and the 6th tracheal ring

Question 26

Where does the isthmus lie?

Answer 26

Opposite the 2nd-4th tracheal rings

Question 27

What nerve runs between the trachea and oesophagus?

Answer 27

The recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 28

What nerve lies close to the superior thyroid artery?

Answer 28

External laryngeal

Question 29

From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid artery arise?

Answer 29

The ECA

Question 30

Into which vein does the superior and middle thyroid vein drain?

Answer 30

IJV

Question 31

From which major artery in the neck does the inferior thyroid artery arise?

Answer 31

Subclavian

Question 32

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

Answer 32

Brachiocephalic

Question 33

Where do lymph vessels from the thyroid drain?

Answer 33

Into the deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 34

How is a colloid formed?

Answer 34

When a hormone is bound to a glycoprotein within the cavity of a follicle

Question 35

What do C Cells secrete?

Answer 35

Calcitonin

Question 36

What does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 36

T3, T4 and Calcitonin

Question 37

Where do the parathyroid glands lie?

Answer 37

The medial half of the posterior lobe of the thyroid lobe, external to the thyroid fibrous capsule

Question 38

How many parathyroid glands are there?

Answer 38

4

Question 39

Where are the superior parathyroids located?

Answer 39

At the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

Question 40

Where are the inferior parathyroids located?

Answer 40

near the inferior poles of the thyroid

Question 41

What supplies the parathyroid glands?

Answer 41

The inferior thyroid arteries

Question 42

What drains the parathyroid glands?

Answer 42

The superior and middle thyroid vein

Question 43

What cell types lie within the parathyroid?

Answer 43

Cheif cells and the oxyphil cells

Question 44

What hormone is secreted by the parathyroid?

Answer 44

Parathyroid hormone

Question 45

Where are the suprarenal glands situated?

Answer 45

the upper pole of each kidney

Question 46

How are suprarenal glands separated from the kidneys?

Answer 46

By a capsule

Question 47

How is the suprarenal gland split?

Answer 47

Into the outer cortex and the inner medula

Question 48

On the right side, into which vein does the suprarenal gland drain?

Answer 48

IVC

Question 49

On the left side, into which vein does the suprarenal drain vein?

Answer 49

The left renal vein

Question 50

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

Answer 50

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 51

What are the three hormone types secreted from the cortex of the suprarenal gland?

Answer 51

Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Androgens