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Endocrinology > The Endocrine Pancreas > Flashcards

The Endocrine Pancreas Flashcards

1
Q

How do you calculate Body Energy?

A

Energy Intake - Energy Output

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2
Q

Where is energy intake determined?

A

The feeding centre (promotes hunger and drive to eat)

The satiety centre (promotes fullness by supressing feeding centre)

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3
Q

What is glucostatic theory?

A

Food intake is determined by blood glucose. As BG increases, the drive to eat decreases

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4
Q

What is the lipostatic theory?

A

Food intake is determined by fat stores. As fat stores increase, drive to eat decreases.

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5
Q

What is leptin?

A

A peptide hormone which is released by fat stores which depresses feeding activity

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6
Q

Name the three categories of energy output?

A

Cellular work, mechanical work and heat loss

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7
Q

Define Cellular Work

A

Transporting molecules across membranes, growth and repair, storage of energy

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8
Q

Define mechanical work

A

Movement on a large scale, using muscle, or intracellularly

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9
Q

Define heat loss

A

Associated with cellular and mechanical work. Accounts for half of our energy output

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10
Q

Define metabolism

A

The integration of all biochemical reactions in the body

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11
Q

What three elements make up metabolism?

A

Extracting energy from nutrients in food, storing that energy, utilising that energy for work

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12
Q

What are anabolic pathways?

A

Build up

Synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones, usually for storage purposes

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13
Q

What are catabolic pathways?

A

Break down

Degradation of large molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy for work

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14
Q

What is the absorptive state?

A

Where ingested nutrients supply the energy needs of the body and excess is stored.

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15
Q

When do we enter an absorptive state?

A

After eating

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16
Q

What is a fasted state?

A

Where we rely on body stores to provide energy between meals and overnight

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17
Q

What nutrient does the brain use?

A

Glucose

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18
Q

What can hypoglycaemia result in?

A

Coma and death

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19
Q

How is blood glucose maintained?

A

Via synthesising glucose from glycogen or amino acids

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20
Q

What happens to glucose in diabetes?

A

Glucose cannot be taken up so BG rises and glucose is detected in the urine

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21
Q

What is the normal range of blood glucose?

A

4.2-6.3 mM

Hypoglycemia = <3mM

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22
Q

Where are endocrine hormones produced?

A

The Islets of Langerhans

23
Q

What are the four types of islet cells?

A

alpha, beta, delta and F Cells

24
Q

What do alpha islet cells produce?

A

GLUCAGON

25
Q

What do beta islet cells produce?

A

INSULIN

26
Q

What do delta islet cells produce?

A

SOMATOSTATIN

27
Q

What do F cells produce?

A

Pancreatic polypeptide

28
Q

When does insulin dominate?

A

During the fed state

29
Q

When does glucagon dominate?

A

During the fasted state

30
Q

What is the function of insulin ?

A

To stimulate glucose uptake and lower blood glucose concentration

ALSO:
-stimulates glycogen synthesis, increases amino acid uptake into muscle, increases protein synthesis, increases TAG synthesis, inhibits gluconeogensis, promotes K+ion entry into cells, has permissive effect on GH

31
Q

How is insulin synthesised?

A

As preproinsulin which is converted to proinsulin in ER

32
Q

Give examples of insulin sensitive tissues?

A

Muscle and adipose tissue

33
Q

How does insulin stimulate glucose uptake?

A

By stimulating GLUT-4 to migrate to cell membrane so glucose can be transported into cell. Insulin stimulation stops= GLUT 4 return to cytoplasmic pool

34
Q

Where is insulin degraded?

A

The kidneys and liver

35
Q

When is insulin released?

A

When BG conc is increased, when plasma amino acid conc. is increased, when glucagon has been stimulated

36
Q

When is insulin inhibited?

A

Low blood glucose conc, somatostatin synthesis, stress

37
Q

What is the function of glucagon?

A

To raise blood glucose

ALSO:

  • increases glucogenolysis
  • increases gluconeogenesis
  • ketogenesis
38
Q

Where does glucagon act?

A

UPON THE LIVER

39
Q

Where is glucagon degraded?

A

The liver

40
Q

What occurs when Glucagon is released?

A

Blood glucose concentration increases

41
Q

When is glucagon released??

A

When [BG] is <5.6mM

42
Q

What stimulates glucagon release?

A

Low [BG], High [amino acid]. sympathetic innervation, epinephrine, cortisol, stress

43
Q

What inhibits glucagon release?

A

Glucose, FFA and Ketones, Insulin, Somatostatin

44
Q

What happens to insulin and glucagon during parasympathetic activity?

A

Increase in insulin, small increase in glucagon

45
Q

What happens to insulin and glucagon during sympathetic activation ?

A

Increase in glucose mobilisation, increase in glucagon, increase in epinephrine and inhibition of insulin

46
Q

What is the action of somatostatin?

A

To inhibit GI tract activity by slowing nutrient absorption

47
Q

Where is Somatostatin produced?

A

D cells of pancreas

48
Q

What is the effect of exercise on [BG]?

A

Glucose entry into skeletal muscle increases

Insulin sensitivity increases

49
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

An autoimmune disease where pancreatic Beta Cells are destroyed, thus ability to produce insulin is decreased.

50
Q

What occurs if type 1 diabetes is left untreated?

A

Starvation and death

51
Q

What occurs in type 2 diabetes?

A

Peripheral tissues lose sensitivity to insulin = INSULIN RESISTANCE

52
Q

How is type 2 diabetes treated?

A

Diet and exercise to try and restore insulin sensitivity

Metformin

Sulphonylureas

53
Q

What are some complications of diabetes?

A

Retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, CV Disease

Endocrinology (19 decks)

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