What i need to review Flashcards
(228 cards)
1
Q
Basic units of lipids
A
Fatty acids
2
Q
What are fatty acids?
A
Chain of carbons with a hydrogen atom, methyl end and a carboxyl end
3
Q
Length of carbon chain
A
14-24 atoms
4
Q
Saturation
A
Number of H atoms the carbons in the fatty acids are holding
5
Q
What is the term used when it is the max number of H atoms without carbon double bonds?
A
Saturation
6
Q
SFA
A
Does not have double bonds between the long hydrocarbon chain
7
Q
Unsaturated
A
Addition of a double bond in between the long hydrocarbon chain where 2 hydrogen atoms are missing
8
Q
Polyunsaturated
A
More than 1 double bond
9
Q
What is it when there is more than 4 hydrogen atoms missing?
A
polyunsaturated
10
Q
Monounsaturated
A
1 double bond
11
Q
Two fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body
A
needs to be obtained in the diet
12
Q
Where to find alpha-linoleic acid?
A
flaxseed oil
13
Q
Where to find EPA and DHA?
A
fatty fish and fish oils
14
Q
What are the three subclasses of lipids?
A
- triglycerides
- phospholipids
- sterols
15
Q
What are triglycerides
A
major storage form of fat in our body
95% chief form of fat in foods
16
Q
Glycerol is made up of what
A
3 carbon alcohol that is a backbone of a triglyceride
17
Q
saturated fatty acids
A
packed together tightly
solid at room temp
18
Q
Unsaturated fatty acids
A
cannot be stacked together
liquid at room temp
19
Q
High in monosaturated fats
A
Olive and canola oil
20
Q
What are high in polyunsaturated fats
A
sunflower and corn oil
21
Q
Hydrogenation
A
22
Q
What converts liquid into a solid and creates trans-fatty acids?
A
Hydrogenation
23
Q
Naturally occuring trans-fatty acids
A
conjugated linoleic acid
24
Q
Most common phospholipid
A
lecithin
25
What is lecithin made up of?
glycerol with two fatty acids and a phosphate group + choline
26
What is lecithin?
emulsifier
27
What is a sterol?
lipid containing multiple rings of carbon atoms
28
What emulsifies fat (cholesterol in bile)
Sterol
29
What synthesizes cholesterol
liver
30
How much grams/day of sterols?
2g/day
31
What is fat hard to digest?
insoluble in water
32
Limited digestion
fats occuring in watery environments (stomach or mouth)
33
What breaks down fat in the mouth
lingual lipase
34
what is gastric lipase
hydrolysis a small amount of fat
35
How is fat digested in the stomach
bile emulsifies fat
36
What breaks down emulsified fat?
pancreatic and intestinal lipase
37
Enterocyte
Absorbs digestion products
38
How are short and medium chain fatty acids transported to the liver?
albumin and carried to the liver by the portal vein
39
How are chylomicrons transported?
Through the lymphatic systems since they are too big to fit through the pores of the capillaries
40
What do lipids bundle with for transport?
proteins
41
What are the 4 types of lipoproteins?
1. Chylomicrons
2. VLDL
3. LDL
4HDL
42
What are chylomicrons used for?
transport lipids from the intestinal cells into the body
43
What is the use of VLDL?
transports lipids to adipose and muscle tissue
44
What is VLDL mainly composed of
triglycerides
45
What is the use of LDL
carry cholesterol from the liver to the body
46
What is LDL mainly compose of
Cholesterol
47
What is the use of HDL
transports cholesterol back to the liver
48
What is HDL mainly composed of
Protein
49
What is the use of liver cells
picks up chylomicron remmants
50
Why are omega-3 good for you
potent protector against heart disease
51
What are the three main functions of sterols
1, emulsify fat
2. chemical messenger
3. bone metabolism
52
UL
Tolerable upper intake level
- the amount of nutrients a person can take that is safe
53
How to calculate %DV
amount in serving/ recommended intake
54
EAR
Estimated average requirement
-how much is needed in the diet
55
AI
Adequate intake
- best guess and guide for nutrient intake
56
DRI
Dietary reference intake
- amount of energy and nutrient required for best health
57
What makes up gastric juices
1. water
2. HCL
3. Pepsin
58
What is cephalic phase
- taste, smell that satiating feeling of being hungry
59
What is bile
emulsifier that take fat from water and form emulsion
60
GIP
- Gastric inhibitory peptide
- produced by the duodenum and inhibits gastric motility and the secretion of acid
61
Facilitated diffusion
only water soluble
requires carrier protein
concentration for high to low
62
Secretin
hormone produced by the duodenum when the stomach acid pH level is below 4.5
63
Gastrin
Hormone produced by the G cells that promotes the release of HCL and controls the release of pepsin
64
CCK
hormone produced by the duodenum that stimulates the release to digestive enzymes due to lipid rich chyme
65
What are complex carbs
Oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
66
What are three disaccharides
1. maltose
2. sucrose
3. lactose
67
What are postbiotics
bioactive compounds that occurs when there is prebiotic fibre in the colon
healthy immune system and healthy digestive system
68
What are three types of simple carbs
1. Glucose
2. Fructose
3. Galactose
69
Soluble fibre
Broken down by water and turns into gel
- fermented
70
How is lactose made?
glucose and galactose
71
Digestion of carbs in the pancreas
secrete pancreatic analyse into a small int. breaks down starch into small poly and maltose
72
What is a byproduct of digestion
galactose
73
How is insulin created
in the beta cells of the pancreas to help break down glucose from the blood
74
What is glycemic response
glucose absorption after meal;
75
Digestion of carbs ion the small int.
enzyme -> disaccharide-> mono-> portal vein-> liver
76
What is glycemic index
measures how quickly carbs are absorbed
77
What is a type of polyunsaturated fat
sunflower oil
78
What is glucogenesis?
production of glucose from amino acids in the liver
79
Three subclasses of lipids
1. tri
2. phospho
3. sterols
80
What is a naturally occuring trans-fatty acid
linoleic acid
81
What breaks down lipids in the mouth
lingual lipase
82
What is glucagon
production of the alpha cells of the pancreas - stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
83
What makes protein different
contains nitrogen atom
84
How many amino acids are there
20
85
How many essential amino acids are there?
9
86
What is transamination
transfers amine group from one amino acid to another to create a new amino acid and keto
87
What converts essential to non-essential and occurs in the liver?
transamination
88
What is conditionally essential
amino acids that are non-essential but must be supplied in the diet
89
What is transcription
information from DNA is copied into RNA
90
Translation during protein synthesis synthesizes what
a protein from RNA molecule
91
How many sequencing errors are there
1. genetic
2. copying
3. reading
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What is synthesis limiting
incomplete/ low-quality protein source
93
What is denaturation
- loss function
- destroy all structure except primary
94
What denatures proteins
HCL - hydrochloric acid
95
What is pepsin
cleaves proteins into smaller peptides
96
What breaks down polypeptides
pancreatic and intestinal protease
97
Amino acids are transported directly to the liver via
portal vein
98
What is competitive inhibition
consumption of too much of one amino acid
99
What determines protein quality/completness
1. amount of essential amino acids
2. protein digestibility
100
What is PDCAAS
protein digestibility corrected amino acid score
compares the concentration between limiting essential amino acids and test protein
101
What is DIAAS?
Digestible indispensable amino acid score
protein quality method
determines amino acid digestibility in small int.
102
What is mutual supplementation
Obtain complete amino acid req from two or more incomplete protein sources
103
25% of available amino acids are stripped down of what?
nitrogen and used for energy
104
What is nitrogen balance
nitrogen is taken from protein and balances with the nitrogen excreted by urine
105
What is positive nitrogen status
body synthesizes more than it degrades
105
Semi-vegitarian
sometimes seafood, poultry, eggs, dairy
105
pesco-vegitarian
does not eat poutry
105
lacto-ovo
does not eat seafood
105
lactovegitarian
does not eat eggs
105
ovovegitarian
does not eat dairy
105
What is bioavailability
rate a nutrient is absorbed and used by the body
105
Precursors
Inactive vitamins
105
Provitamins
Inactive vitamins that turn into active in the body
106
Hydrophobic vitamins
A,D,E,K
106
Hydrophilic vitamins
B vitamins and vitamin c
106
What determines shape of proteins
sulfur
106
two factors that influence vitamin bioavailability
1. efficiency of digestion
2. previous nutrient intake
106
when is Glucagon produced from the pancreas
when blood glucose fall
107
what does liver produce to regulate BP
renin
107
What are enzymes
protein that mediate metabolic reactions
107
Anabolic reactions
require energy provided by ATP
108
Catabolism
break down of body compounds when needed for energy
109
Does catabolism use condensation or hydrolysis?
hydrolysis - releases energy
110
What is ATP
transfers small amounts of usable energy to move our muscles
111
Where does glycolysis take place
cytoplasm
112
How many ATP are produced in TCA
2
113
What is glycolysis
glucose converted into pyruvate
114
How much ATP is produced in glycolysis
2
115
Glycerol
converted into pyruvate and then acetyl-CoA
116
Max ATP made in ETC
34
117
Aerobic metabolism
production of ATP from ETC - requires O2 in final step
118
Anaerobic metabolism
production of ATP from glycolysis - does not require O2
119
What is lipolysis
glycerol converted to pyruvate
120
What is deamination
removal of amine group from amino acids to form keto acid
121
Where does deamination occur
liver
122
What is glycogenic
pyruvate
123
What is ketogenic
Acetyl-CoA
124
What is the production of non-carb sources
glucogenesis
125
What is transamination
amine group is transferred to keto to create new amino and keto
126
where is Thiamin found
Pork, legumes, sunflower seeds, whole grains
127
what is riboflavin and where can it be found
precursor for FAD
- meat, dairy, eggs, green veg
128
What is niacin and where can it be found
precursor for NAD and NADP
- meat, fish, peanut butter, mushrooms
129
Where can pyridoxine be found
protein rich, bananas, spinach
130
What is folate and where can it be found
protein metabolism
- beef, liver, legumes, beets, leafy greens
131
What is pantothenic acid
precursor for biosynthesis of coenzyme A
132
Minerals that play a role in hormonal regulation
1. sulfur
2. iodine
133
What is free radical
molecule containing one or more unpaired electrons
134
What can free radicals lead to
cell damage and death
135
What are two sources of free radicals
1. Endogenous (metabolism)
3. Exogenous (pollution, smoking)
136
What is a superoxide
precursor of reactive O2 species
137
How does O2 become a superoxide
O2 accepts a single electron during metabolism
138
What is oxidative stress?
imbalance between production of reactive species and antioxidant defense
139
How do antioxidants stabilize free radicals
donate electron
140
What is Vitamin E
Protects other substances from oxidation by being oxidized itself
- veggie oils, almonds, sunflower seed, green leafy vegg
141
What is Vitamin C
protects water-soluble substances and some fat-soluble from being oxidized by being oxidized itself
citrus fruits, pepper, strawberries, broccoli
142
How many types of Vitamin A are there?
1. Retinal
2. Retinol
3. Retinoic acid
143
What is a plant-derived Vitamin A precursor
Beta-carotene
144
What is beta-carotene
extremely effective antioxidant
-deep orange pigment
145
What is superoxide dismutase
converts free radical to O2 and hydrogen peroxide
146
Three types of superoxide dismutase
1. Manganese
2. Copper
3. Zinc
147
What is catalase
protect the cell from the toxic effects of hydrogen peroxide
148
What does catalase contain
4 heme rings that pull electrons away from water bonds
149
What is selenium
converts hydrogen peroxide into water and O2
- seafoods, meats, whole grains
150
What are examples of cations
sodium and potassium
151
What are examples of anions
Chloride and phosphate
152
What electrolytes are predominant in intracellular fluid
potassium and phosphate
153
What electrolytes are predominate in extracellular fluid
Sodium and chloride
154
What is central for fluid balance
kidney
155
What functional unit is a nephron
Kidney
156
What is ADH
- hormone secreted by the pituitary gland in response to high electrolyte concentration in the blood
157
What is angiotensin I
Plasma protein activated by renin
158
What is Angio II
Secretion of aldosterone and increases BP
159
What is aldosterone
secreted by the adrenal glands
triggers the kidney to reabsorb more sodium and chloride
160
What is ferritin and hemosiderin
stores iron
161
What is transferrin
iron carrying protein
162
What is hepcidin
Hormone to regulate iron balance secreted by the liver
163
What is heme (ferrous)
high absorption - meat and fish
164
What is non-heme (ferric)
low absorption -plant
165
What promotes non-heme iron absorption
Vitamin C
166
What are iron absorption inhibiting factors
Phytates - inhibiting factor for zince (grains, beans)
oxalates (spinach, beets)
167
What plays a key factor in hemoglobin synthesis
copper - part of superoxide dismutase
168
Osteoclasts
erode bone and release calcium
169
Osteoblasts
build up bone and use calcium
170
Measures bone density
DEXA
171
Parathyroid hormone
Raises blood calcium
172
Calcitonin
Lowers calcium when blood is too high
173
Osteocalcin
protein secreted by osteoblasts to build bone
174
What is the gold standard of measuring TEE
Doubly labelled water
175
What is BMI
Defines underweight, overweight, obese
weight/height
176
What is basal metabolism
energy is needed to maintain life when a person is at complete rest
177
What measures lean tissue, bone mineral and fat mass
DEXA
178
What measures the determination of bone density
Underwater weighing
179
What measures body density
Bod Pod system
180
Thrifty gene
Gene allows them to expend less energy that other people
181
BMR
measured when the person is awake but lying still
182
What is leptin
Hormone produced by fat cells in the proportion to the amount of fat stored
183
What is ghlerin
Protein/hormone promotes positive energy balance by stimulating appetite
184
How long does creatine phosphate store energy
3-15 seconds
185
How to measure BMR
Calorimetry
- the amount of heat the body releases
186
How to measure BMR indirectly
Measuring O2 and CO2 levels
187
What is secreted by the placenta for prep of breast tissue for lactation
estrogen and progesterone
188
What is prolactin
milk production
189
What is oxytocin
milk release
190
How much kcals are needed for milk production
500kcal/day
191
What % of milk is water
90%
192
Adequate nutrition is essential for what from the time of conception through the end of the first year or age
Tissue formation, neurologic development, bone growth
193
Healthy development of the placenta depends of what
Adequate pre-pregnancy nutrition
194
What are the support tissues for the baby
Uterus
Placenta
Umbilical cord
Amniotic sac
195
First event of pregnancy
Fertilization and cell division
Fertilized ovum (zygote)
196
Second event of pregnancy
Implantation
Blastocysts embeds in uterine lining, placenta deelopment begins
197
What happens at 8 weeks
Complete nervous and digestive symptoms
Well-defined fingers and toes
Facial features
198
What happens at the last 7 months
Cell division and development of organs
199
Average birth weight
6.8-7.9 lbs
200
When is embryo development
2-8 weeks
Critical period
201
What is embryogenesis
Rapid development stage
202
When is the fetus susceptible to nutrient deficiencies
First trimester (13-14 weeks)
203
Folate deficiency
Spina bifida
204
Primary metabolic fuel of the developing fetus
glucose
205
Folate intake when pregnant should increase by what
50%
206
What vitamin regenerates the active form of folate
Vitamin B12
207
Vitamin C protects from what?
Free-radical that are looking for damage
208
Lack of vitamin A when pregnant can cause
Cleft lip, heart defects, abnormalities in the CNS
209
Lack of Vitamin D when pregnant can cause
Preeclampsia, diabetes, asthma
210
How much water does an infant need
150ml/kg
211
What does breast milk contain
Omega 3 and 6 fatty acids
212
Most abundant fatty acid in the brain
DHA
213
What does breast milk not contain and need in supplement
Vitamin K and D
214
