Energy Metabolism Flashcards
Where does absorbed nutrients taken first?
liver
What is the main role of the liver?
Metabolizes, packages, stores, and ships out for use by other organs
What is the bodies more active metabolic factories?
The liver
What is produced from the pancreas when blood glucose falls?
glucagon
What are the functions of insulin?
- Promotes cells to take up glucose for fuel
- Prompts liver cells to store glucose as glycogen
What are the functions of glucagon?
Prompts liver to dismantle its glycogen stores and release glucose into
the blood for use by all the other body cells
What is the main function of the kidney?
- Filter waste products from the blood for
excretion in urine - Reabsorb needed nutrients
What does the liver produce to help regulate blood pressure?
renin
The liver converts a precursor compound to active what?
Vitamin D
What are enzymes?
Proteins that mediate metabolic reactions
What are coenzymes?
Vitamins - enhance or necessary for the actions of enzymes
- niacin and riboflavin
What are cofactors?
minerals like zinc that are required for enzyme activity
What occurs for accelerated metabolism?
severe stress to body ( burns, infection, surgery)
What is anabolism?
-build body compounds when not needed for energy
- Build muscle
What requires energy provided by ATP?
Anabolic reactions
What is anabolism?
-complex molecules from basic
- requires chemical energy
- uses condensation reactions
What is catabolism?
breaking down of body compounds when the body needs energy
When is glycogen broken down to glucose?
catabolism
What type of reaction releases energy?
Catabolic reactions
What is catabolism?
breakdown of complex to basic
releases energy
uses hydrolysis
What is ATP?
- Adenosine Triphosphate
- high energy compound that contains 3 phosphate groups
- Transfers small amounts of usable energy to move our muscles
Where is glycolysis taken place?
cytoplasm, cytosol
What is the TCA cycle?
- tricarboxylic acid cycle
- Krebs or citric acid cycle
- mitrochondria
Where is the the ETC taken place?
Mitrochondria
What is glycolysis?
glucose converted into pyruvate that produces 2 ATP in the cytoplasm
After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into what?
acetyl-CoA
Fatty acids can be broken down into what?
2-carbon fragments that combine with CoA to form acetyl CoA
What can glycerol be converted to?
pyruvate and acetyl CoA
What can amino acids be converted into?
- pyruvate
- acetyl CoA
How many ATP molecules are produced in the TCA cycle?
2
What is the final step in energy metabolism?
ETC
What is the max ATP made in ETC?
34
What is aerobic metabolism?
-Production of ATP from ETC
- requires O2 in final step
What is anaerobic metabolism?
-Production of ATP through glycolysis
-Does NOT require O2
What yields ATP and coenzyme NADH?
glycolysis
What is lipolysis?
glycerol converted to pyruvate
What is deamination?
- removal of amine group from amino acid to form a keto acid
Where does deamination primarily occur?
Liver
What is glycogenic?
pyruvate
What is ketogenic?
acetyl-CoA
True or false: Any compound that can be converted to pyruvate can be used to make glucose?
True
True or false: Compounds that are converted to acetyl-CoA can be used to make glucose?
FALSE: it cannot be used to make glucose
What is produced from non-carb sources?
gluconeogenesis
What is the main role of amino acids?
Maintain body protein supply
Amino acids must undergo what to become an energy source?
deamination and then converted to pyruvate
what is tansamination?
amino acid transfers amine group to keto acid, a new amino acid and keto acid are formed
How do we regulate metabolism?
coenzymes - assist the production of energy
What is thiamin?
Involved in CHO metabolism
– pork
– legumes
– sunflower seeds
–whole-grain breads
What is riboflavin?
precursor of the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide
– dairy
– meat
– eggs
– green vegetables
– whole-grain breads
What is niacin?
Precursor for the synthesis or coenzymes NAD and NADP
– meat
– fish
– peanut butter
– whole-grain bread
– certain vegetables (e.g. mushrooms)
What is Pyridoxine?
active form of pyridoxine is pyridoxal phosphate
– protein-rich foods (e.g. poultry,
meat, fish)
– certain fruits (e.g. bananas) and
vegetables (e.g. spinach)
What is folate?
- Part of protein metabolism
- Beef liver, legumes (e.g. lentils),
beets, leafy green vegetables
What are the two forms of folate?
- Folate - naturally occurring in foods
- Folic acid - dietary supplement and fortified foods
What works closely together with Folate?
Vitamin B12
What is Vitamin B12?
– animal foods e.g. red meat, dairy
– fortified cereals
What is pantothenic acid?
precursor for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A ( CoA)
What minerals play role in hormonal regulation?
- sulfur
- iodine
What are food sources for sulfur?
all protein containing foods
(meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legume, nuts)
What is iodine?
- part of thyroid hormones
- seafood, soil, iodized salt
