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HLSC 2P91 > Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Where does absorbed nutrients taken first?

A

liver

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2
Q

What is the main role of the liver?

A

Metabolizes, packages, stores, and ships out for use by other organs

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3
Q

What is the bodies more active metabolic factories?

A

The liver

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4
Q

What is produced from the pancreas when blood glucose falls?

A

glucagon

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5
Q

What are the functions of insulin?

A
  • Promotes cells to take up glucose for fuel
  • Prompts liver cells to store glucose as glycogen
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6
Q

What are the functions of glucagon?

A

Prompts liver to dismantle its glycogen stores and release glucose into
the blood for use by all the other body cells

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7
Q

What is the main function of the kidney?

A
  1. Filter waste products from the blood for
    excretion in urine
  2. Reabsorb needed nutrients
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8
Q

What does the liver produce to help regulate blood pressure?

A

renin

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9
Q

The liver converts a precursor compound to active what?

A

Vitamin D

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10
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins that mediate metabolic reactions

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11
Q

What are coenzymes?

A

Vitamins - enhance or necessary for the actions of enzymes

  • niacin and riboflavin
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12
Q

What are cofactors?

A

minerals like zinc that are required for enzyme activity

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13
Q

What occurs for accelerated metabolism?

A

severe stress to body ( burns, infection, surgery)

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14
Q

What is anabolism?

A

-build body compounds when not needed for energy

  • Build muscle
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15
Q

What requires energy provided by ATP?

A

Anabolic reactions

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16
Q

What is anabolism?

A

-complex molecules from basic

  • requires chemical energy
  • uses condensation reactions
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17
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breaking down of body compounds when the body needs energy

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18
Q

When is glycogen broken down to glucose?

A

catabolism

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19
Q

What type of reaction releases energy?

A

Catabolic reactions

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20
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breakdown of complex to basic

releases energy

uses hydrolysis

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21
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • Adenosine Triphosphate
  • high energy compound that contains 3 phosphate groups
  • Transfers small amounts of usable energy to move our muscles
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22
Q

Where is glycolysis taken place?

A

cytoplasm, cytosol

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23
Q

What is the TCA cycle?

A
  • tricarboxylic acid cycle
  • Krebs or citric acid cycle
  • mitrochondria
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24
Q

Where is the the ETC taken place?

A

Mitrochondria

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25
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

glucose converted into pyruvate that produces 2 ATP in the cytoplasm

26
Q

After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into what?

A

acetyl-CoA

27
Q

Fatty acids can be broken down into what?

A

2-carbon fragments that combine with CoA to form acetyl CoA

28
Q

What can glycerol be converted to?

A

pyruvate and acetyl CoA

29
Q

What can amino acids be converted into?

A
  1. pyruvate
  2. acetyl CoA
30
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in the TCA cycle?

A

2

31
Q

What is the final step in energy metabolism?

A

ETC

32
Q

What is the max ATP made in ETC?

A

34

33
Q

What is aerobic metabolism?

A

-Production of ATP from ETC
- requires O2 in final step

34
Q

What is anaerobic metabolism?

A

-Production of ATP through glycolysis

-Does NOT require O2

35
Q

What yields ATP and coenzyme NADH?

A

glycolysis

36
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

glycerol converted to pyruvate

37
Q

What is deamination?

A
  • removal of amine group from amino acid to form a keto acid
38
Q

Where does deamination primarily occur?

A

Liver

39
Q

What is glycogenic?

A

pyruvate

40
Q

What is ketogenic?

A

acetyl-CoA

41
Q

True or false: Any compound that can be converted to pyruvate can be used to make glucose?

A

True

42
Q

True or false: Compounds that are converted to acetyl-CoA can be used to make glucose?

A

FALSE: it cannot be used to make glucose

43
Q

What is produced from non-carb sources?

A

gluconeogenesis

44
Q

What is the main role of amino acids?

A

Maintain body protein supply

45
Q

Amino acids must undergo what to become an energy source?

A

deamination and then converted to pyruvate

46
Q

what is tansamination?

A

amino acid transfers amine group to keto acid, a new amino acid and keto acid are formed

47
Q

How do we regulate metabolism?

A

coenzymes - assist the production of energy

48
Q

What is thiamin?

A

Involved in CHO metabolism

– pork
– legumes
– sunflower seeds
–whole-grain breads

49
Q

What is riboflavin?

A

precursor of the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide

– dairy
– meat
– eggs
– green vegetables
– whole-grain breads

50
Q

What is niacin?

A

Precursor for the synthesis or coenzymes NAD and NADP

– meat
– fish
– peanut butter
– whole-grain bread
– certain vegetables (e.g. mushrooms)

51
Q

What is Pyridoxine?

A

active form of pyridoxine is pyridoxal phosphate

– protein-rich foods (e.g. poultry,
meat, fish)
– certain fruits (e.g. bananas) and
vegetables (e.g. spinach)

52
Q

What is folate?

A
  • Part of protein metabolism
  • Beef liver, legumes (e.g. lentils),
    beets, leafy green vegetables
53
Q

What are the two forms of folate?

A
  1. Folate - naturally occurring in foods
  2. Folic acid - dietary supplement and fortified foods
54
Q

What works closely together with Folate?

A

Vitamin B12

55
Q

What is Vitamin B12?

A

– animal foods e.g. red meat, dairy
– fortified cereals

56
Q

What is pantothenic acid?

A

precursor for the biosynthesis of coenzyme A ( CoA)

57
Q

What minerals play role in hormonal regulation?

A
  1. sulfur
  2. iodine
58
Q

What are food sources for sulfur?

A

all protein containing foods
(meats, fish, poultry, eggs, milk, legume, nuts)

59
Q

What is iodine?

A
  • part of thyroid hormones
  • seafood, soil, iodized salt
60
Q
A

HLSC 2P91 (18 decks)

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