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Anthro > What are Primates? Why do we study them? > Flashcards

What are Primates? Why do we study them? Flashcards

1
Q

Anthropologist will try and understand humanity by 4 metrics

A

1) Socio-cultural anthropology - cross cultural comparison
2) Linguistic - language
3) Archeology -cultural and human remains
4) Physical Anthropology AKA biology anthropology

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2
Q

Why study Non-Human primates as Anthropologist?

A

1) The non-human primates are our closest relatives
2) Share common ancestory with non human primates
3) share 98% of our genome with chimpanzees and bonobos

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3
Q

Why study Non-Human primates as Anthropologist? - Assumptions (4)

A

1) Some of our (human) morphological and behavioural traits are actually shares with AND OR DERIVED from non-human primates
2) Learning about these NHP tells us WHY these traits evolved
3) Tell us about ourselves

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4
Q

How do NH primates teach us about ourselves? (5)

A

1) Shared Traits
2) Referential Model
3) Strategic Models
4) Importance of social behaviour (Cost/Benefit)
5) Understanding variation in sociality

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5
Q

How do NH primates teach us about ourselves? What is the referential model?

A

The use of particular species for drawing analogies with others

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6
Q

How do NH primates teach us about ourselves? What is the Strategic model?

A

The use of EVOLUTIONARY THEORY to predict differences and similarities between among species

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7
Q

If we share a trait with a non human primate or any other taxon) did we inherit it from theM>

A

read “Cladistic Analysis” p 62 in Stier

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8
Q

Homoplasy

A

A trait found in 2 or more species that has evolved independently in each

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9
Q

Homology

A

Trait inherited from last common ancestor.

- A trait found in 2or more species that is shared due to common ancestry

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10
Q

Look at the picture of homoplasy

A

look

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11
Q

Look at the picture of Homology

A

look

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12
Q

How does a Homoplasy arise?

A

1) Convergent evolution

2) Parralel evolution

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13
Q

How does a Homoplasy arise? - Convergent Evolution

A

Two distantly related species, converge on a similar solution to the same ecological pressures

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14
Q

How does a Homoplasy arise? Parallel Evolution

A

1) Two similar species (usually with a common ancestral traits evolve similar traits INDEPENDENTLY

2) ARE OFTEN more closely related species (diverged from a common ancestor) that didn’t exhibit the trait, may end up possessing the trait b/c they face similar ecological pressures after divergence
3) Often due to similar environments

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15
Q

Convergent or parallel evolution?

Context: Suspensory Locomotion

A: Family Atelidae - found in africa
B: Family Hylobatidae - found in asia
-Distantly related

A

Converged on similar solution to same selective pressures

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16
Q

What is Taxonomy?

A

-The scientific namig and grouping of categories of organisms which are grouped together due to similiarity.

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17
Q

What is Taxonomy? What are commonly used traits?

A 
Morphology, 
behaviour, 
pelage,
 vocalizations, 
genetics
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18
Q

Primates are one order of primates

Taxonomy (7) Story

A 
1) Kingdom
2 Phylum
3) Class
4) Order
5) Family 
6) Genus 
7) Species
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19
Q

Primates are one Order of Mammals - Homo Sapiens / human beings - Taxonomy (Primates)

A

1) Kingdom - Animilia
2) Phylum - Chordata
3) Class - Mammalia
4) Order - Primates
5) Family - Hominidae
6) Genius - Homo
7) Species - sapiens

20
Q

Primates are one Order of Mammals - Vervet Monkey , Chlorocebus Pygerythrus - Taxonomy (Primates)

A

1) Kingdom - Animilia
2) Phylum - Chordata
3) Class - Mammalia
4) Order - Primates
5) Family - Cercopithecidae
6) Genius - Chlorocebus
7) Species - Pygerythrus

21
Q

Primates are one ORDER of mammals - What are five characteristics of Mammals (5)

A

1) Endothermic
2) Give birth to live young
3) Body hair
4) Young get fed milk from the mammary glands of the mother
5) Three middle ear bones

22
Q

Name some primates (6)

A

1) Lemurs
2) Lorises
3) Tarsiers
4) Monkeys
5) Apes
6) Humans

23
Q

A big problem: Disagreement over taxonomy

A

What constitutes a true taxa is often blurred

Lumpers vs splitters

24
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern (4)

A

1) Grasping Hands and feet
2) Visual systems
3) Large Complex brains / associate behaviour
4) Skeleton and dental features

25
Q

Primitive vs Derived Traits - What are Primates

A

Primates are a mix of primitive characteristics and derived characteristics

26
Q

Primitive vs Derived Traits - What are Primates - What does primitive means

A

it does not mean less successful, simply means older

27
Q

Primitive Vs Derived Traits - What do Primitive Traits (Plesiomorphy) look like (3)

A

1) Acenstral trait that is shared with the common ancenstory
ex) Penadatylyl in humans
2) Often generalized
3) Homology (relative ancestry group)

28
Q

Primitive Vs Derived Traits - What do Derived Traits (Apomorphy) look like (4)

A

1) An evolutionary novelty relative to the ancestral condition
2) Traits that appear in a species after the last common ancestor
3) Distinguish a group from its last common ancestors
4) Specialized or derived relative to an ancestral condition

29
Q

Another name for Derived traits

A

Apomorphy

30
Q

Another name for primitive traits

A

Plesiomorphy

31
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern - Grasping hands (4)

A

1) Pentadactyly opposable hands
2) Nails not claws
3) Sensitive Tactile pads (finger tips)
4) Power / precision grips

32
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern (4) - Feet

A

Symmetrical

33
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern (4) - Hands Primate hands Pentadactyly

A

1) Prescence of 5 digits among all primates

34
Q

Shared by species that acquired it by descendants from a common ancestor (mammals, reptiles, amphibinas)

A

Pentadactyly

35
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern - Grasping hands- Vision and Olfaction

A

1) Forward facing eyes
2) Stereoscoptic eyes - Depth perception
3) Greater reliance on vision
4) Colour vision - only placental mammal with trichromatic

36
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern - Large complex brains

A

1) Large brains relative to body size
2) Learning and socializing is very important
3) Can learn from experience
4) Reduction on instinct responses

37
Q

Are primates K selected or R selected?

A

K - they have fewer offspring and rear them with better care

38
Q

What is the difference between K and R selected

A

K - few children, take care of them

R- Lots of children, little care

39
Q

Why are K selected need longer juvenile periods?

A

1) Require lots of learning

40
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern - Tendency towards sociability

A

yes

41
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern - Features of the skeleton and dentals (4)

A

1) Generalized limb structure = nothing too specialized
2) Generalized flexible morphology
3) Retention of an unspecialized skeleton, particular in the limbs

42
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern - Features of the skeleton and dentals - Generalized flexible morphology- example

A

us having a clavicle and letting us have mobility vs horses that do not -> less mobility

43
Q

PRIMATES - 4 groups of primate characteristics: The primate pattern - Features of the skeleton and dentals - Generalized Dentals (4)

A

1) Most primates have relative unspecialized teeth
2) 2.1.2.3
3) ( incisor,canine, Premolars, molars )

44
Q

Cranial Anatomy - What is the difference between postorbital bars vs postorbital closure

A

1) Postorbital is the side of the eye bone
2) The postorbital Closure is the bone in the back of the eye been closed - rather than open
3) Function, increase reliance on vision and keep eyes looking froward while providing support so they dont sqush when you chew

45
Q

Theories on the orgin of primates: Plesiadapifroms - Paleocene (3)

A

1) Small brain relative to primates
2) Long fingers for grasping
3) Lack of adaptation - postorbital bar & convergent orbit

46
Q

When did the first primate first show up and what year? (2)

A

1) Eocene

2) 45 million

47
Q

The Origin of the Primate Pattern - The Arboreal Theory

A

1) Early primate evolution was shaped by the selection for traits that benefited animals who lived up in the tree

Anthro (12 decks)

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