Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anthro > Natural Selection (1) > Flashcards

Natural Selection (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What will we talk about in natural selection

A
  1. Evolution 2. Natural Selection 3. Sociobiology 4. Kin selection 5. Reciprocal Altruism 6. Mutualism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Adaptation & Evolution

A

Process of biological change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is evolution (2)

A
  1. Change in the FREQUENCY of heritable traits in population from one generation to the next.
  2. These maybe physical or behavioural
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe a micro evolution (2)

A
  1. Change in the physical or beahvioural traits of a population
  2. Short time scale & depend on circumstances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe a micro evolution - Adaptation (2)

A
  1. When the adaptation of a population to local conditions as the result of micro evolution
  2. Moth changes wing colour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Macro Evolution (2)

A

1) Long term changes that result in the appearance of a NEW species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between Micro and Macro evolution (3)

A
  1. They are fundamentally the same,
  2. The time scale is different
  3. Extent of change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do species change over time? (4)

A
  1. Mutation
  2. Geneflow
  3. Genetic Drift
  4. Natural Selection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the primary driver of species changing out of all 4 components?

A

Natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who proposed natural selection

A

Darwin & Wallace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection (4)

A

1) Variation
2) Inheritance
4) Overproduction
4) Differential survival and reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection - Variation ?

A
  • Lots of variation for a given trait within a species/ population
    ex) Homosapiens: tall and small - black and white - eye colour
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection - Inheritance ?

A

Variations passed from parent to offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection - Oveproduction ? (3) & over arching point (1)

A

1) More born > survive to adulthood
2) Limited resources ( scarcity)
3) Each gen experiences substantial mortality

4) There is competition due to the quantity that survive, to the limited resources, to the experience of death among members. This drives competition to survive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What 4 fundamental observation facts are key to natural selection - Differential survival and reproduction ?

A
  1. Only the SURVIVER for resources will survive

2. The ENVIROMENT natural selects some variations from others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Say you survive and your healthy - what is the next important thing to natural selection

A

Survival and REPRODUCTION is key to understanding adaptation, and evolutionary change over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is fitness?

A

Reproductive success

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is high vs low fitness

A

lots of kids to no kids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Traits that are well suited to the enviroment give individuals what (2)

A

1) Advantage in survival and fitness

2) Appear in increased frequency in future generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the Peppered Moths the perfect examples of natural selection and evolutionary change? 4

A

1) Evolution change: Operates on the population - no individual moth changed
2) Natural selection: individual survive and reproduce
3) No such things as an absolute best variant - depends on environment
4) Variation HAD to be there in the first place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Do individual evolve

A

NO progressively a pop changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The inevitable differential survival and reproductive success in each parental generation AKA natural selection leads to

A

A change in the FREQUENCY of HERITABLE TRAITS in a POPUlatiON

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is socio biology ?

A
  • Applying evolutionary principles, in particular natural selection to BEHAVIOUR
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What do sociobiologist do?

A

Try to understand how behaviour might be naturally selected / adaptive / evolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What do sociobiologist ask?
Ask how behviroal variation gives individuals an advantage to survive and reproduce
26
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology (3)
1) Kin selection 2) Reciprocal Altruism 3) Parental investment
27
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology (3) - What is altruism?
Helping / selfless behaviour
28
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology (3) - What is altruism - Biology definition
1) Behaviour that potentially improves the survival & reproductive success of the recipient while potentially endangering the actor 2) Behaviour that helps the recipient and cost the actor
29
Aultrism examples (2)
1) Predatory call | 20 Backing someone up in a fight
30
How can altruism co exist and be passed on if it may result in behaviour that decreases survival and reproductive success
It may not favour that individual BUT your KIN since it can result in an increase in the contribution to the next generation It is possible to have some of your traits that can be represeneted in the next generation if they reproduce
31
How can altruism co exist and be passed on if it may result in behaviour that decreases survival and reproductive success - PREVIOUS theory
Group selection - help out
32
Kin Selection - Inclusive Fitness (2)
1) Your individual fitness | 2) The fitness of your relatives
33
What does evolutionary theory predict that individuals should do (3) AKA INCLUSIVE FITNESS -1
1) Promote their own survival 2) Promote their own fitness 3) Promote the survival and fitness of their KIN
34
What is Cooperative Polyandry ? (3)
1. In a group of females only one female reproduces and the others help raise offspring. 2. Must be related 3. Altruistic behaviour
35
What is Cooperative Polyandry ? Give example
Callitrichidae ( tamarins)
36
Between who does altruism happen the most in primates
their kin
37
What is Hamiltons rule? aka selfish benefits
The cost to the donor / aultristic individuals fitness is LESS than the recipient individuals fitness x the degree of relatedness
38
What is Hamiltons rule - Formula
C < b*r
39
What is Hamiltons rule - Formula - C, b , r
``` c = Cost to Aultristic donor b = benefit to donor r = level of relatedness ```
40
What is Hamiltons rule - Formula - r
r is from 0-1 where 1 is you and 1
41
What is nepotism?
Favouritism towards ones kin
42
What is Female philopatry?
1) a social system in which females remain in the groups or home ranges in which they were born while males leave at sexual maturity 2) this means that a group of females is related it some way - sisters, mothers, aunts, or cousins and these females attract unrelated males.
43
Who do females affiliate + form alliance with ?
Old world Female kin members with r> .125
44
The higher the grooming the higher the
relatredness
45
How does a primate recognize a kin? (3)
1) Odour 2) Facial Recognition 3) Close association between infant and mother results in recognition or familiarity with maternal kin
46
Why does nepotism drop off? 2
1) Can't recognize your kind after a certain threshold | 2) Reach a level where kin discrimination does not become profitable - r
47
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology (3)
1) Kin selection 2) Reciprocal Altruism 3) Parental investment
48
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism- Does altruism happen between non relatives
YES
49
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism - Can Altruism between non relativeness be explained by kin selection
Altruism between non relativeness cannot be explained by kin selection rather it is explained by the theory reciprocal altruism
50
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism -
Helping behaviour between non-relatives that will be paid back later
51
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism - Example
Seyfarth's grooming for Support Model
52
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism - Example - What is the Seyfarth's grooming for Support Model (2)
1) Grooming between goes up as the hierarchy. Meaning lower ranking members groom more frequently - vice versa 2) support in a conflict goes down the hierarchy. Meaning the higher ranking members provide support at a higher frequency and vice versa
53
What are the 3 main ideas of sociobiology - Reciprocal Altruism - Example - What is the Seyfarth's grooming for Support Model - If A is the highest rank and E is the lowest by which member is grooming directed at the most (i), giving the most grooming to the highest member (ii), is getting the most protection (iii)
i) A ii) B iii) B
54
Does "helping" behaviour ever occur between no-kin without evidence of reciprocal altruism?
Yes, this is called mutualism!
55
Does "helping" behaviour ever occur between no-kin without evidence of reciprocal altruism? - Mutualism
Cooperation between tow or more individuals where each has the potential to gain a direct benefit / shared advantage
56
Does "helping" behaviour ever occur between no-kin without evidence of reciprocal altruism? - Mutualism - Note because each individuals GAINS it does not fit into our definition of ....
altruism
57
What does altruism require?
a cost to the actor
58
Summary: What is altruism
potentially improves survival & fitness while potentially costing the actor
59
Summary: What is Sociobiology? (3)
1) Used to explain altruistic behaviour 2) Kin selection 3) reciprocal altruism
60
Summary Behaviours evolved through mutualism may LOOK superficially like altruism, but they aid both participants
IDK MAYBE MUTUALISM? Behaviours evolved through mutualism may LOOK superficially like altruism, but they aid both participants

Anthro (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions