Primate Social Groups PART 1 Flashcards
This lecture covers (4)
1) Sociality
2) Social Organization
3) Mating System
4) Social Structures
What is a major advantage of living as a group? (2)
1) Predation Defense Hypothesis
2) Resource Defence Hypothesis
What does it mean to be Crypsis
Ability to avoid detection by predators
Old school monkey - The switch to Diurnal why? (2)
1) Less competition
2) More food via detection
Old school monkey - The switch to Diurnal why -What ended happening to those with that competitive advantage
Other got it and reduced its value
Old school monkey - The switch to Diurnal why -What ended happening to those with that competitive advantage - The Solution!
Sociality: Predator Defence Hypothesis
Sociality: Predator Defence Hypothesis - 3’d
1) Collective Detection
2) Dilution effect
3) Defence (aka Deterrence)
Sociality: Predator Defence Hypothesis - 3’d - Collective Detection
- Having others around you greatly helps with detecting predators.
- Less time scanning - saves energy
Sociality: Predator Defence Hypothesis - 3’d - Dilution Effect
Less likely to be caught given a big herd
Sociality: Predator Defence Hypothesis - 3’d -Defence (aka Deterrence)
Can deter predators by attacking defending as a group
Major Benefits to group living: Resources Defence Hypothesis
- Group living improves access to food by group defending food patches
Are the two theories of benefits to group living: Resources Defence Hypothesis & Predator Defence Hypothesus mutually exclusive to one another?
NO
What are some other benefits to group living? (3)
1) Mates readily available
2) Everyone communicates food found
3) Protection from Infanticide
What are the COST of group living? (3)
1) Intra competition - food
2) Intracomeptition - mates
3) Disease veneration
The size and composition of primate group in nature reflects a compromise between its benefit and cost - T OR F
T
The size and composition of primate group in nature reflects a compromise between its benefit and cost- Benefit looks like what
Diminishing returns graph - group size to benefit
The size and composition of primate group in nature reflects a compromise between its benefit and cost- Cost looks like what
exponential curve -group size to cost
The size and composition of primate group in nature reflects a compromise between its benefit and cost- What is the ideal graph/ optimal graph
one that combines both cost and benefits and puts the group size in half
Primate Social Group - 3
1) Social Organization
2) Mating system
3) Social structures
Primate Social Group - Social Organization - 5 main contribution to group size and composition
- Solitary
- Pair Living
- Multimale- Unifemale
- Unimale-multifemale
- Multimale-multifemale
Primate Social Group - Social Organization - 5 main contribution to group size and composition - Solitary - Mother and young are the only consistent grouping T OR F
T
Primate Social Group - Social Organization - 5 main contribution to group size and composition - Solitary -Males
Males tend to have no real pairing but overlap women
Primate Social Group - Social Organization - 5 main contribution to group size and composition - Pair living
- one male and one female living with their immature offspring
- 60% of monogamous partners have high paternal care
Primate Social Group - Social Organization - 5 main contribution to group size and composition - Multimale- unifemale (3)
- One female is paired with two males
- RARE
- Happens when males are related
Primate Social Group - Social Organization - 5 main contribution to group size and composition - Multimale- unifemale example
Callithrichidae
Primate Social Group - Social Organization - 5 main contribution to group size and composition - Uni male- Multifemale (3)
1) Very dimorphic relationship
2) One male multiple women
Primate Social Group - Social Organization - 5 main contribution to group size and composition - Multimale & Multifemale (2)
- Promiscuous
2. None know who the baby daddy is
Social Organization Cohesion of Social Unit (2)
1) Together all the time
2) Maintain vocal and visual distance
Social Organization Cohesion of Social Unit - Fission Fussion Group (3)
1) Group fission (split) to eat
2) Group fusion to sleep
3) Fission Fusion throughout the day - think us
Social Organization Cohesion of Social Unit - Cohesive groups to be among (4)
1) Smaller groups
2) Smaller home ranges
3) Close spatial Approx
4) Coordination of activity
Social Organization Cohesion of Social Unit - Fluid groups to be among (4)
1) Large groups
2) Large spatial aprox
3) Large home ranges
4) Little coordination of activity
Primate Groups - Mating Systems (4)
1) Monogamy
2) Polygyny
3) Polygynandry
4) Polyandry
Primate Groups - Mating Systems (4) - Monogamy
one mating partner
Primate Groups - Mating Systems (4) - Polygyny
A mating system where the male has more than one mating partner
Primate Groups - Mating Systems (4) - Polygynandry
both partners have multiple partners long af
Primate Groups - Mating Systems (4) - Polyandry
Male one partner and female multiple - sleeping with andry
Group composition vs mating system means
Monogamy does not equal pair living and etc all other four and their group composition
bottom line group composition does not always equal mating system
Primate Social Group - Social Structure
Nature, and patterning of interactions that define social relationships between individuals in a social group
Dispersal and Philopatry
In all primate groups, one sex, or both sexes, disperse from the natal group
Dispersal and Philopatry - Philopatric
stay in your natal group
Three common dispersal patterns (3)
1) Females resident ( Matrilineal / female philopatry)
2) Male resident (Patrilineal / male philopatry)
3) Neither, both reside or disperse
Females ( Matrilineal / female philopatry) (3)
1) Related to females but not males who migrated there
2) Nepotism - female kin-ship HIGH AF MORE THAN MALES
3) Dominance hierarchy that can be inherited from mother
Females ( Matrilineal / female philopatry) - Dominance hierarchy that can be inherited from mother- FEMALES 2
1) Different priority of access
2) Inheritance - mom plays a big factor
Females ( Matrilineal / female philopatry) - Dominance hierarchy that can be inherited from mother- MALES 2
1) Conflicting encounters
2) Fitness hierarchy
Male kinship ties influence patters of who associates with whom (3)
- who grooms who
- who supports one another during fights dominance
- Association
Primary bonds by males are mainly driven by
Nepotism - favouritism towards kin
Females in the brotherhood group (4)
1) Not related
2) No strong bonds
3) Self-interested
4) However no dominance hierarchy
Give me an example where neither sex is resident
gorillas
when neither sex is resident patterns of behaviour are not dictated by
kinship - none
Proximate explanations for behaviour
focuses on immediate cause leading to the expression of a behaviour
TRIGGER that leads to behaviour
Proximate explanations - Dispersing (3)
1) Eviction :(
2) Better group
3) Adbudction : ((
The ultimate explanation for behaviour
focuses on behaviour that contributed in the past to increase fitness
The ultimate explanation theorist for behaviour ask what
Why natural selection would of favourite this past behaviour
The ultimate explanation for behaviour - example
Inbreeding - past tells us it does not increase fitness
Where do dispersing animals go? Solitary Species
Remain solitary after leaving natal group
Where do dispersing animals go? Non- Solitary Species (2)
1) Find a bisexual group
2) Takes time
Where do dispersing animals go? Non- Solitary Species (- Takes time (3)
1) Remain solitary for a while
2) Join an all-male group
3) HANG OUT IN THE CORNER OF THE NEW GROUP UNTIL THEY INTEGRATE
Where do dispersing animals go - When do they go during Natal Dispersal
Puberty