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Socialization and the Life Course Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Life History Theory?

A

The timing of key events have been shaped organisms by natural selection to maximize the number of surviving offspring and maximize fitness

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2
Q

Give me examples of Life History Theory

A
  • The timing of different juvenile development
  • Timing of sexual maturity
  • Timing of death
  • Timing of senescence
  • Number of offsprings you have and the degree of parental investment you give
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3
Q

Life History Theory - Trade offs

A
  • The idea of balancing energy outputs. Quality vs quantity of offsprings
  • Current vs future reproduction
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4
Q

Life History Theory - Energy Allocation (2)

A

1) Survival

2) Reproduction

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5
Q

Life History Theory - Energy Allocation - Survival (2)

A

1) Growth

2) Maintenance

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6
Q

Life History Theory - Energy Allocation - Reproduction (2)

A

1) Making babies

2) Caring for babies

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7
Q

Life History Model in a nutshell

A

The idea that the animal has a maximum energy output

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8
Q

Life History Model in a nutshell - An animal could either

A

1) Put more energy in reproduction

2) Put less energy in reproduction

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9
Q

Life History Theory - Fast Life History vs Slow Life History - Fast Life History

A
  • more energy into reproduction
  • Short life & breeds a lot
  • Low quality offsprings
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10
Q

Life History Theory - Fast Life History vs Slow Life History - Slow Life History

A
  • More energy into survival
  • Long life & breeds and extensive parental care
  • Modest reproduction rates
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11
Q

Life History Theory - Fast Life History vs Slow Life History

A

Survival vs Energy use for reproduction

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12
Q

What is r vs k selected?

A

K is more like humans

r is like a rodent

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13
Q

R selected

A
  • reproduce early in life
  • small body / brain
  • Large litters
  • High Mortality rates
  • Short lifes
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14
Q

K selected

A

Reproduce later in life
larger brains/ bodies
- smaller litter size
-Long lifes

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15
Q

In general primates have longer lives Exceptions:

A
  • Sterpsirrhines: relative fast life history compared to happlorhines
  • Apes very slow life history
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16
Q

Why are primates slow life history species?

A

Because of the variation in food seasons and its availability.

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17
Q

Altricial vs Precocial

A

Ability to sustain itself at the point of birth

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18
Q

Altricial?

A

1) Undeveloped at birth

2) Physically helpless

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19
Q

Precocial

A

1) Well developed at birth

2) Active or physically mobile at birth

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20
Q

What are more altricial, Strepsirhini or Haplorhini’s?

A

More - Haplorhini- more useless at birth

Less - Strepsirhini - less useless at birth

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21
Q

Birth in primates are called

A

Singletons

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22
Q

Birth in primates - Singletons - When not parked are they carried and if so why? AND Are they assited

A

Yes, and to provide learning opportunity through observation and NEVER assisted they pop that baby on their own

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23
Q

Birth in primates - Singletons - When not parked are they carried and if so why? exception to the singletons and them being assisted

A

Callitrichids

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24
Q

Why can’t humans have unassisted births?

A

Obstetrical Dilemma

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25
Why can't humans have unassisted births - Obstetrical Dilemma
Human have very large brain and small birth canals
26
Why can't humans have unassisted births - Obstetrical Dilemma - Adaptatitions
1) Very early birth 2) Skull plate fusion 3) Flexible Perlvis 4) Assited birth
27
What is the definition of primate infancy
from birth to weaning
28
Is the growth phase-controlled y the mother in primate infancy?
Yes, infants do not forage
29
Why is socialization important?
- Altricial state at birth = need to learn - Long period of dependency - Slow maturity - Heavy reliance on learning rather than relying on instinct
30
WHo are the main care takers and the main socializers?
Mother - Maternal care - strong bond bewteen offspring and child -child often dies without mom
31
Variability in maternal care - Parity
Experience of momma
32
Variability in maternal care - Parity - Nulliparous
Never given birth
33
Variability in maternal care - Parity - Primiparous
Given birth once
34
Variability in maternal care - Parity - Multiparous
Having given birth more than once
35
Variability in maternal care - Rank of mother
Macaque mothers who receive more aggressive energy spend time with the child
36
Variability in maternal care - Temperament of the Mother
mothers upbringing
37
Variability in maternal care - presence of new males
Can be weaned faster
38
Variability in maternal care - sex of infant
varies
39
Parking vs Carrying - Mother Parkers
- Lemurs, Lorises, and Tarsiers - Short lactation - Higher quality milk - Postpartum mating
40
Parking vs Carrying - Mother Carriers
Most Haplorhinis Long lacatation poorer milk quality No-post partum mating
41
Paternal Care - Indirect vs Direct - Indirect
Tolerance, detection and defence against predators, resource defence for the group
42
Paternal Care - Indirect vs Direct - direct
Favourable when favourable when infant require a lot of care | - Male care can be attributed to monogamy and certainty of the males child to be his
43
Types of male & Infant interactions - Continium -
1) Intense care taking 2) Affiliation 3) Occasional affliation 4) Tolerance 5) USe and abuse
44
Why do males care for infants? (2)
1) Sexual Selection | 2) Kin selection
45
Why do males care for infants? - Sexual Selection (2)
1) If parental certainty is assured - high paternity may occur 2) Female choice - choose good baby daddys
46
Why do males care for infants? - KIn Selection
- Helping siblings or maternal kins | - if paternity is likely - mate then care
47
Alloparent
Any form of parental care provided by a individual towards a non descendant
48
WHo mostly does alloparenting?
Juvenile females
49
Why is alloparenting a thing? (3)
1) Learn to mother (individual selection) | 2) Relief to mother (kin)
50
Who is handles the most?
Infant youngest
51
Who do the most handling?
Sub adult / Nulliparous females
52
Why is aunting to death a thing (2)
A Non adaptive Hypothesis | An Adaptive Hypothesis
53
Why is aunting to death a thing - A non-adaptive hypothesis
Inexperience females do not know how to take care of an infant
54
Why is aunting to death a thing - An adaptive hypothesis
Trying to get rid of competition - resources
55
Peers and Play importance
1) Youngs interact with other aged mates | 2) First opportunity to learn who's the most dominant and who will fight back
56
Weaning
Switching mammals diet of milk to other food - removes independence
57
Weaning Conflict evolutionary perspective
Cost of continued nursing to the mother, perhaps in terms of reduced to raise future offsprings, exceeding the benefits to the mother in terms of increased survival of the current infant while lactating females cannot become pregnant as they're not estrus and performing maternal duties The sooner the mother can start ovulating the sooner again she can become pregnant. The child want to latch on to her as a resource this conflict
58
Juvenile period is between...
weaning and sexual maturity
59
Juvenile period issues(3)
- Juveniles are too old to be treated like infants and to young to behave like adults - EASILY preyed upon - Smaller absolute food requirements but spend a lot of time = energy into forging - Lower feeding efficiency - Growth is energetically expensive - Higher BMR
60
What are the two strategies to survive the juvenile period?
1) Grow quickly - Strepsirhini | 2) Grow slowly - Haplorhini
61
What are the two strategies to survive the juvenile period? - Grow quickly - Strepsirhini -benefit/cost
Benefit: Minimize time spend in vulnerable stage Cost: Rapid growth requires A LOT of energy which means if born in a bad season you are fucked
62
What are the two strategies to survive the juvenile period? - Grow slowly - Haplorhini -benefit/cost
Benefits: Reduce risk of dying from starvation & reduced food requirements cost: Stuck in a kid stage - which is very vulnerable to prey! Also, have to wait longer to reproduce
63
Sex is not always about reproducing?
``` Stress relief Affiliation Confirmation of Social Relationships Practice Paternity Confusion ```
64
Reproductive Seasonality - Nonseasonal breeders
Breed whenever
65
Reproductive Seasonality - Seasonal breeder (3)
1) Certain times of year 2) Tied to food supply 3) May lower stress of raising infant
66
Male vs Female lifespan
Females lives more
67
Male vs Female lifespan - why?
Males live riskier lives -Dispersal -Higher inter-sexual competition -

Anthro (12 decks)

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