Natural Selection (3) Flashcards
Male Strategies - Optimal Reproductive Strategy
Exclusive access to fertile females
High fitness means
more babies
A reminder what is the limiting factor to females and why is it limiting to females? (2)
1) Acquisition of rich dense food
2) Due to energy expedition of reproductive functions - lactation, gestation, lactational amenorhhea
A reminder what is the limiting factor to males and why is it limiting to males?
1) Access to females in Estrus & because competition / SS
What is Estrus
The period around ovulation where females can conceive
The male’s optimum strategy creates 2 conflicts: Go fo as many Fertilizations as possible - 2 Conflicts
1) Other males - intracompetition
2) Females selective nature ( they want best genes for survival )
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? (3)
1) Try to influence female choice
2) Compete with other males
3) Sexual Coercion
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Try to influence female choice - Inter Sexual selection
Convincing females to mate with them by advertising their good genes (fitness/resource holding potential)
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Try to influence female choice - Inter Sexual selection - Example
Bigger bodies female find this attractive
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Try to influence female choice - Inter Sexual selection - Example - Bigger bodies who shows this?
Gorillas & Orangutans
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Try to influence female choice - Inter Sexual selection - Example - larger voices example
Male orangutans (throat sacs) & females dig this they appear bigger
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Try to influence female choice - Inter Sexual selection - Example - Colouration
Attracts females because bright colours means your healthy
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Try to influence female choice - Inter Sexual selection - Example - Colouration
Madrill
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Try to influence female choice -Friendships: Matting Effort Hypothesis
You’re nice to non-fertile women to show your willingness to invest in an infant, male friends increase their chances of fitness when female become Estrus
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization
Males monopolize by force females that are estrus
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization - Who does this
Gorillas
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization - Group Types (2)
1) uni male groups
2) Multi male groups
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization - Group Types - Uni male groups what is it ?
males form uni male groups by evicting natal males and preventing dispersing males from joining them
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization - Group Types - Uni male - consequences of competition
- Low within-group competition over females
2. high competition between groups
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization - Group Types - Males that live in multi-male environment (2)
High within-group competition over access to females
lower between-group competition
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization - What does it depend on for females to be monopolized (2)
1) The number of females within a group - the more the harder
2) The distribution of Estrus females
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization - What does it depend on for females to be monopolized - The distribution of Estrus females (2)
1) Asynchronous
2) Synchronous
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization - What does it depend on for females to be monopolized - The distribution of Estrus females - Asynchronous ?
A single man has a HIGHER chance of monopolizing access to females
periods not synchronized such as synchronous processs
What can males do to access to reproductive opportunities? Males will compete with each other: Strategy: Male Monopolization - What does it depend on for females to be monopolized - The distribution of Estrus females - Synchronous?
A single man has a LOWER chance of monopolizing access to females due the fact that the female population have synchronized their estrus cycles
- period matching
What is the Priority of Access Model / Dominance Hierarchy (2)
A ranking of individuals based on the outcome of aggressive and submissive interactions. = pecking order based on aggression
Dominant individuals often inflict costs on other / to win physical confrontation over lowe members
Aggressive behaviour of dominance over subordinate & often costing the recipient
What is the Priority of Access Model / Dominance Hierarchy - Prediction
High ranking officers should get increased access to limiting resources = “Priority of Access”
What is the Priority of Access Model / Dominance Hierarchy - Prediction - Is this true for both men and women and if so what’s the difference (3)
1) Yes it applies to men and women
2) Men get access to their limited resources (pussy)
3) Women get access to their limited resources (food)
What is the Priority of Access Model / Dominance Hierarchy is there is no positive correlation between level of dominance and reproductive success?
FALSE: There’s a correlation between your level of dominance and the level of your fitness
What is the Priority of Access Model / Dominance Hierarchy - Higher-ranking males can probably monopolize estrus females for longer periods of time, especially if they’re estrus - This suggests…. **
This suggest that competition for rank among males is often equivalent to competition for fitness
Male Dominance - Rank Aquisition - Can depend on what? (3)
Intrinsic factors - age, body size - weight - health (INTRAsexual selection), Personality
Inheritance - born into a high rank
Coalitions- big social network
Male Dominance - Rank Aquisition - Can depend on what? - Intrinsic Factors (3)
1 age
2 body size - weight - health (INTRAsexual selection),
3 Personality
Male Dominance - Rank Aquisition - Can depend on what? - Inheritance (2)
1) affects MEN only lol
2) affects men that stay in their natal group - if you fuck of you out - Patrilineal Species
What is Patrilineal Species and where does it apply? (2)
1) species where males STAY in their natal group
2) This happen in Male Dominance - Rank Aquisition - Can depend on what? - Inheritance benefits
Male Dominance - Rank Aquisition - Can depend on what? Coalition Formation (2)
1) Males make a coalition against higher-ranking members
2) Two or more individuals who provide mutual support in a social setting
Male Dominance - Rank Aquisition - Can depend on what? - Inheritance - PATRILINEAL SPECIES EXAMPLE
BONOBOS
Male Dominance rank - Coalition formation: Kin Selection / Fitness Inclusion under what three circumstance does it happen (3)
1) Patrilineal Species
2) Matrilineal Species
3) Mixed Sex Dispersal
Male Dominance rank - Coalition formation: Kin Selection / Fitness Inclusion under what three circumstance does it happen - Patrilineal Species (2)
1) Male Philopatry - males stay in their natal group w homies
2) Female Dispersal - do not live with relatives
Male Dominance rank - Coalition formation: Kin Selection / Fitness Inclusion under what three circumstance does it happen - Matrilineal Species (2)
1) Female Philopatry - females stay in their natal group w homies
2) Males disperse - do not live with their relatives
Male Dominance rank- Coalition formation: Kin Selection / Fitness Inclusion under what three circumstance does it happen - Mixed Sex Dispersal (2)
- Both male & female dispersal
- Both unlikely to live with relatives
Male Dominance rank - Coalition formation: Kin Selection / Fitness Inclusion under what three circumstances does it happen - Matrilineal Species/ Mixed Sex Dispersal - Do males coalition even if the species are unrelated?
YES - only men and mix
Coalition formation: Male dispersal and male rank -How do they cultivate coalition with non-relatives?
Reciprocal Altruism
Male Dispersal and rank - Parallel and Dispersal ? and why would you? and EXAMPLE
- Immigrating to a group that has similar species to yours
- You might be such a low ranking piece of shit its best to move on
3 velvet monkey
Example of Parallel Dispersal
Velvet monkeys
What do females do to counter male monopolization and the priority of access? - Female Counter Strategies (5)
1) Since they’re the one who choose they might chose to mate with the one who is not the alpha
2) Synchronized Estrus Cycle!
3) Back up preferred males in an aggressive encounters ( think a coalition between the little guys against big alpha
4) Sneaky Copulation - Mates with lower-ranking or other individuals besides alpha
5) Switch social group - if she does not like her options
What do females do to counter male monopolization and the priority of access? - Female Counter Strategies (5)- Synchronized Estrus Cycle ! explain - a
Females all get their menstrual cycle at the same time hard to monopolize all
What do females do to counter male monopolization and the priority of access? - Female Counter Strategies - backing up coalations
Backing up coalition from smaller guys to oust alpha they do not like / is not doing his job
What do females do to counter male monopolization and the priority of access? - Female Counter Strategies - Sneaky Copulation
Mate with lower rank or other members besides alpha. Alpha therefore cannot mate with her since she is no longer fertile
What do females do to counter male monopolization and the priority of access? - Female Counter Strategies - Switch Social Group
If shit hits the fan and the male monopolization is too much o bare – she can always switch to another group to find a better opportunity
Male Dominance rank - Secondary Dispersal in Males
Males will leave their group and enter a new group. They become bottom of the food chain but that might be better than current circumstances
Male Dominance rank - Secondary Dispersal in Males - Why drives this behaviour? (2)
1) Low Fitness
2) Ability to rise in the ranks
Males will compete with other males - After copulation, there can still be ….
competition among males and alternative to direct/aggressive competition among males
Mechanism of sperm competition -What is some evidence for sperm competition in primates
1) Balls to body ratio = more sperm
Mechanism of sperm competition - What is some evidence for sperm competition in primates - benefit of big balls (3)
1) More sperm
2) Greater chance of motile sperm
3) Can produce better swimming sperm
Mechanism of sperm competition - What is some evidence for sperm competition in primates What does it mean if you have big balls relative to your body size
You are designed to impregnate multiple partners
Mechanism of sperm competition- What is some evidence for sperm competition in primates What does it mean if you have small balls relative to your body size
You tend to be with one partner typically
Mechanism of sperm competition - Who’s got the biggest balls out of the primate
Galago Maholi’s
Mechanism of sperm competition- Mechanism for sperm and penis (2)
1) Volume & motility
2) Last male precedence
Mechanism of sperm competition - Mechanism for sperm and penis - Volume & motility
Larger volume & greater motility increase your chances of fitness
Mechanism of sperm competition - Mechanism for sperm and penis - Last male precedence
If your the last male left your most likely to get her pregnant because
a) You came last
b) and your cock and jizz displaced the other guys junk
Mechanism of sperm competition- Copulatory plug what is it
A solid like structure a male ejaculates into a female to prevent blockage of other cocks and leakage of cum
Mechanism of sperm competition- Copulatory plug what is it advantage
increases fitness
Females have counter strategies (hurdles) to sperm competition (4)
1) Cervix
2) Utero-Tubual Junction
3) Oviduct
4) Ovum
Mechanism of sperm competition- Steps where females may control which male fertilizes her egg and whether the fetus/ infant survives (4)
1) Physically removing the sperm of unwanted actor
2) Remating (Last male precedence)
3) Removing Copulatory plug
4) Allow other males to remove it
What can male do to gain access to reproductive opportunities - Sexual Coercion
The use of force by a male to increase fitness and decrease other males fitness at a cost to the female
What can male do to gain access to reproductive opportunities - Sexual Coercion is more likely in which group: Sexual Dimorphism or Sexual Monomorphism?
Sexual Coercion happens more often in Sexual Dimorphism species
Give me an example of sexual dimorphism species that would use sexual coercion
Orangutans
Types of Sexual Coercion (6)
1) Harassment - sexual solicitation
2) Intimidation - aggressiveness
3) Mate guarding - stalking
4) Mate herding - stalking & directing movement
5) Forced Copulation - rape
6) Infanticide - killing babies Woah
Types of Sexual Coercion Infanticide
The killing of a baby ( conspecific) = member of the same species
Types of Sexual Coercion Infanticide - Why do males do this?
Sexual Selection
Types of Sexual Coercion Infanticide - Why do males do this? Sexual Selection
Males end lactational amenorrhea (after birth breastfeeding stage)
Condition for Sexual Selection Infanticide (3)
1) Adult kills offspring that Is not his
2) End / Shorten Lactational Amenorrhea
3) Female MUST mate with infanticide male
Condition for Sexual Selection Infanticide - Female MUST mate with infanticide male is associated with
Takeovers of breeding group
Female counter strategies to infanticide (3)
- Obscure paternity among males
- Acceleration of weaving
- Abort Zygote
Female counter strategies to infanticide - Obscure paternity among males
Allow gangbang to confuse who the baby daddy is
Female counter strategies to infanticide - Acceleration of weaving
Following a takeover weave of older children sooner
Female counter strategies to infanticide - Abort Zygote
Direct/Indirect exposure to a new replacement male results in absorption/abortion of a fetus
