Primate Social Group (2 -3) Flashcards
How can you think of social structures?
Dispersal patterns
What will we review this class
1) Basic feeding competition model
2) Three qualities that affect female feeding behaviour
3) The competitive regime for food
4) Socio-Ecology Theory
The primary factor that controls whether a group is Male-bonded, female-bonded, or cross bonded is ..? a
Dispersal Patterns of species
male disperse guys have strong bonds
Women stay girls have strong bonds
The primary factor that controls whether a group is Male-bonded, female-bonded, or cross bonded is ..? Dispersal Patterns of species boil it down
Basically the species that live among its relatives in adulthood will have the strongest bonds
What determines which sex disperses at sexual maturity:
Basic Feeding Competition Model
What determines which sex disperses at sexual maturity: - Basic Feeding Competition Model - Female
Reproductive success is primarily limited by access to energy (food)
What determines which sex disperses at sexual maturity: - Basic Feeding Competition Model - How do we expect the distribution of females?
Females go where food (energy) is due to reproductive requirements
What determines which sex disperses at sexual maturity: - Basic Feeding Competition Model - How do we expect the distribution of males?
Males go where the estrus women are
Due to food being a critical limiting factor for nonhuman primates females: The social organization that we observe in primate species is often said to be representative of (2)
1) Female mapping of food supply
2) Males mapping on estrus women
What three key variables affect female behaviour (3)
1) Food quality
2) Spatial Distribution
3) Temporal distribution
What three key variables affect female behaviour - Food quality - High food quality (3)
1) Rich in energy
2) Easily digestible
3) Proteins, carbs, lipids - eggs
What three key variables affect female behaviour - Food quality - Low food quality (3)
1) Poor energy and protein
2) Hard to digest - tannins
3) Grass/leaves
What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution what is it?
Spatial Distribution of FOOD
What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution of food what two are important to know (2)
1) Clumped distribution
2) Evenly distributed
What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution of food what two are important to know - Clumped - What can we think of when we think clumped (4)
1) Food patch
2) High-quality food have higher patchier/clumped distribution
3) Smaller patches are dependable, big are not
4) Size places limits on the number of individuals that can feed together/ defend
What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution of food what two are important to know - Clumped - What can we think of when we think clumped - High foods in small patches are worth …
Defending
What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution of food what two are important to know - Even distribution (2)
1) Food is spread evenly
2) Common in Folivers
What is a folivore and what a frugivore
eat plants and eats fruit
What is a folivore and what a frugivore give examples
folivore - howler monkeys
Frugivore - Spider monkeys
What three key variables affect female behaviour - Temporal Distribution
When food emerges in different times/seasons
fruit/plants
Competitive Regime - If food is valued animals will ..
fight for it
When do we get Contest Competition?
1) High-Quality Food
2) Patchy
3) Monopolizeable - patchy
Competitive Regime: Contest Competition (3)
1) Direct Form of Competition
2) Contest Competition is often aggressive
3) Affect groups members differently
Competitive Regime: Contest Competition - Direct Form of Competition
Individuals actively competing for resources
Competitive Regime: Contest Competition - Contest competition is often aggressive
Displacement & Aggression over resources
Competitive Regime: Contest Competition - Affects group members differently
Winners & Losers
When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type
Scramble Competition
When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition (3)
1) Low quality
2) Not worth monopolizing/ defendable
3) Leaves
When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition -
Types of competition that occurs when resource cannot be monopolized/defended. Often poor nutrient food
When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition: Indirect Form of Competition
Showing up after the consumption of a resource by a female. You do not directly compete but rather take left overs
When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition: Indirect Form of Competition: if the group is big does indirect competition decrease?
No, it increases
When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition: Indirect Form of Competition: Aggresive or non- aggressive competition
not aggresive
When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition: Indirect Form of Competition: How does it affect group members?
Due to uncompetitive nature, it’s very equitable
What is Socio-Ecology Theory:
It says primate social systems respond in a PREDICTABLE way to abundant food sources, distribution and quality
Socio-Ecology Theory: Difference in feeding pressures will affect (3)
1) Types of female-female competition
2) Dispersal patterns
3) Presence or absence of dominance hierarchy
How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? (3)
1) High quality and patchy
2) Food is monopolized
3) Direct Contest Competition as a result
How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? When food is monopolized what do women do? (2)
1) Establish an order of hierarchy -
2) Strong social bond for colationary partners forms
How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? When food is monopolized what do women do? - Establish an order of hierarchy
Priority of Access Model
How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? When food is monopolized what do women do? Establish an order of hierarchy - STRONGEST RELIABLE ALLIES TO INCREASE INCLUSIVE FITNESS
A Kinship hierarchy is the BEST way to increase overall fitness
Matrilineal hierarchy
How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? When food is monopolized what do women do? - Establish an order of hierarchy - Affect of inheritance
The youngest daughter has the highest level of priority of access model
YOUNG DAUGHTER ANCESTORY
Who has the greatest benefit to the priority of access model?
males
Benefits of being a high ranking female (2)
1) Higher fitness at younger age
2) Shorter interbirth intervals, high infant survival & daughters mature faster
Cost of being a high ranking female (2)
1) Higher miscarriages
2) High stress
Female Rank + Survivorship + Food shortage: High low ranking delta (2)
1) High ranking members had access to water
2) Low ranking had to leave the territory
How does the distribution of resources affect female social relationships? High quality/ Patchy Foods (4)
1) High quality and patchy distrinution
2) Monopolization
3) Direct Contest Competition
4) Females stay in their natal groups, creating matrilineal groups.
5) Males leave at puberty to females
What is Despotic and Tolerant behaviour?
1) Despotic - Clear lines of hierarchy
2) Tolerant - Reconciliatory behaviour
How does the distribution of resources affect female social relationships? Low quality and evenly distributed?(3)
1) Lower quality usually EVENLY distributed
2) Food is not monopolized
3) Leads to scramble competition(indirect competition)
When food is NOT monopolized, what will females do?(4)
1) Scramble competition / indirect competition
2) Females will disperse
3) The female group is not based on kinship - Patrilineal zone
4) Egalitarian relationships
When female diet is low quality and evenly distributed (5)
1) Food is not monopolized/ indirect competition/ scramble competition
2) Females can disperse
3) Join patrilineal areas
4) Females become egalitarian
5) Males could disperse - mixed-sex dispersal
Exception to the socio-ecological model?
Bonobos
females disperse but unrelated females cooperate
