Primate Social Group (2 -3)

Question 1

How can you think of social structures?

Answer 1

Dispersal patterns

Question 2

What will we review this class

Answer 2

1) Basic feeding competition model
2) Three qualities that affect female feeding behaviour
3) The competitive regime for food
4) Socio-Ecology Theory

Question 3

The primary factor that controls whether a group is Male-bonded, female-bonded, or cross bonded is ..? a

Answer 3

Dispersal Patterns of species

male disperse guys have strong bonds
Women stay girls have strong bonds

Question 4

The primary factor that controls whether a group is Male-bonded, female-bonded, or cross bonded is ..? Dispersal Patterns of species boil it down

Answer 4

Basically the species that live among its relatives in adulthood will have the strongest bonds

Question 5

What determines which sex disperses at sexual maturity:

Answer 5

Basic Feeding Competition Model

Question 6

What determines which sex disperses at sexual maturity: - Basic Feeding Competition Model - Female

Answer 6

Reproductive success is primarily limited by access to energy (food)

Question 7

What determines which sex disperses at sexual maturity: - Basic Feeding Competition Model - How do we expect the distribution of females?

Answer 7

Females go where food (energy) is due to reproductive requirements

Question 8

What determines which sex disperses at sexual maturity: - Basic Feeding Competition Model - How do we expect the distribution of males?

Answer 8

Males go where the estrus women are

Question 9

Due to food being a critical limiting factor for nonhuman primates females: The social organization that we observe in primate species is often said to be representative of (2)

Answer 9

1) Female mapping of food supply

2) Males mapping on estrus women

Question 10

What three key variables affect female behaviour (3)

Answer 10

1) Food quality
2) Spatial Distribution
3) Temporal distribution

Question 11

What three key variables affect female behaviour - Food quality - High food quality (3)

Answer 11

1) Rich in energy
2) Easily digestible
3) Proteins, carbs, lipids - eggs

Question 12

What three key variables affect female behaviour - Food quality - Low food quality (3)

Answer 12

1) Poor energy and protein
2) Hard to digest - tannins
3) Grass/leaves

Question 13

What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution what is it?

Answer 13

Spatial Distribution of FOOD

Question 14

What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution of food what two are important to know (2)

Answer 14

1) Clumped distribution

2) Evenly distributed

Question 15

What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution of food what two are important to know - Clumped - What can we think of when we think clumped (4)

Answer 15

1) Food patch
2) High-quality food have higher patchier/clumped distribution
3) Smaller patches are dependable, big are not
4) Size places limits on the number of individuals that can feed together/ defend

Question 16

What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution of food what two are important to know - Clumped - What can we think of when we think clumped - High foods in small patches are worth …

Answer 16

Defending

Question 17

What three key variables affect female behaviour - Spatial distribution of food what two are important to know - Even distribution (2)

Answer 17

1) Food is spread evenly

2) Common in Folivers

Question 18

What is a folivore and what a frugivore

Answer 18

eat plants and eats fruit

Question 19

What is a folivore and what a frugivore give examples

Answer 19

folivore - howler monkeys

Frugivore - Spider monkeys

Question 20

What three key variables affect female behaviour - Temporal Distribution

Answer 20

When food emerges in different times/seasons

fruit/plants

Question 21

Competitive Regime - If food is valued animals will ..

Answer 21

fight for it

Question 22

When do we get Contest Competition?

Answer 22

1) High-Quality Food
2) Patchy
3) Monopolizeable - patchy

Question 23

Competitive Regime: Contest Competition (3)

Answer 23

1) Direct Form of Competition
2) Contest Competition is often aggressive
3) Affect groups members differently

Question 24

Competitive Regime: Contest Competition - Direct Form of Competition

Answer 24

Individuals actively competing for resources

Question 25

Competitive Regime: Contest Competition - Contest competition is often aggressive

Answer 25

Displacement & Aggression over resources

Question 26

Competitive Regime: Contest Competition - Affects group members differently

Answer 26

Winners & Losers

Question 27

When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type

Answer 27

Scramble Competition

Question 28

When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition (3)

Answer 28

1) Low quality 2) Not worth monopolizing/ defendable 3) Leaves

Question 29

When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition -

Answer 29

Types of competition that occurs when resource cannot be monopolized/defended. Often poor nutrient food

Question 30

When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition: Indirect Form of Competition

Answer 30

Showing up after the consumption of a resource by a female. You do not directly compete but rather take left overs

Question 31

When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition: Indirect Form of Competition: if the group is big does indirect competition decrease?

Answer 31

No, it increases

Question 32

When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition: Indirect Form of Competition: Aggresive or non- aggressive competition

Answer 32

not aggresive

Question 33

When resources (like food) is distributed EVENLY we get what type - Scramble Competition: Indirect Form of Competition: How does it affect group members?

Answer 33

Due to uncompetitive nature, it's very equitable

Question 34

What is Socio-Ecology Theory:

Answer 34

It says primate social systems respond in a PREDICTABLE way to abundant food sources, distribution and quality

Question 35

Socio-Ecology Theory: Difference in feeding pressures will affect (3)

Answer 35

1) Types of female-female competition 2) Dispersal patterns 3) Presence or absence of dominance hierarchy

Question 36

How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? (3)

Answer 36

1) High quality and patchy 2) Food is monopolized 3) Direct Contest Competition as a result

Question 37

How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? When food is monopolized what do women do? (2)

Answer 37

1) Establish an order of hierarchy - | 2) Strong social bond for colationary partners forms

Question 38

How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? When food is monopolized what do women do? - Establish an order of hierarchy

Answer 38

Priority of Access Model

Question 39

How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? When food is monopolized what do women do? Establish an order of hierarchy - STRONGEST RELIABLE ALLIES TO INCREASE INCLUSIVE FITNESS

Answer 39

A Kinship hierarchy is the BEST way to increase overall fitness Matrilineal hierarchy

Question 40

How does the distribution of resources affect social relationships? When food is monopolized what do women do? - Establish an order of hierarchy - Affect of inheritance

Answer 40

The youngest daughter has the highest level of priority of access model YOUNG DAUGHTER ANCESTORY

Question 41

Who has the greatest benefit to the priority of access model?

Answer 41

males

Question 42

Benefits of being a high ranking female (2)

Answer 42

1) Higher fitness at younger age | 2) Shorter interbirth intervals, high infant survival & daughters mature faster

Question 43

Cost of being a high ranking female (2)

Answer 43

1) Higher miscarriages | 2) High stress

Question 44

Female Rank + Survivorship + Food shortage: High low ranking delta (2)

Answer 44

1) High ranking members had access to water | 2) Low ranking had to leave the territory

Question 45

How does the distribution of resources affect female social relationships? High quality/ Patchy Foods (4)

Answer 45

1) High quality and patchy distrinution 2) Monopolization 3) Direct Contest Competition 4) Females stay in their natal groups, creating matrilineal groups. 5) Males leave at puberty to females

Question 46

What is Despotic and Tolerant behaviour?

Answer 46

1) Despotic - Clear lines of hierarchy | 2) Tolerant - Reconciliatory behaviour

Question 47

How does the distribution of resources affect female social relationships? Low quality and evenly distributed?(3)

Answer 47

1) Lower quality usually EVENLY distributed 2) Food is not monopolized 3) Leads to scramble competition(indirect competition)

Question 48

When food is NOT monopolized, what will females do?(4)

Answer 48

1) Scramble competition / indirect competition 2) Females will disperse 3) The female group is not based on kinship - Patrilineal zone 4) Egalitarian relationships

Question 49

When female diet is low quality and evenly distributed (5)

Answer 49

1) Food is not monopolized/ indirect competition/ scramble competition 2) Females can disperse 3) Join patrilineal areas 4) Females become egalitarian 5) Males could disperse - mixed-sex dispersal

Question 50

Exception to the socio-ecological model?

Answer 50

Bonobos females disperse but unrelated females cooperate