What Affects Nutrients Flashcards
appetite
The desire to eat as distinguished from physiological hunger.
CCK
Cholecystokinin is a small proteinaceous hormone that is released into the blood after food intake by endocrine cells lining the small intestine. CCK signals the hypothalamus to “stop eating because I feel full”.
CNS
An acronym for the central nervous system, which is the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord.
glucagon
A “need nutrient” hormone that signals the body to release nutrients; a protein hormone that is produced especially by the islets of Langerhans and that promotes an increase in the sugar content of the blood by increasing the rate of glycogen breakdown in the liver.
hunger
The need to eat as signaled by the body, contrasted with one’s desire to eat.
hypothalamus
The area of the brain that regulates endocrine activity as well as functions such as body temperature, sleep and appetite.
insulin
A pancreatic hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans that is essential especially for the metabolism of carbohydrates. It can be used as medication for the treatment and control of diabetes mellitus; signals a “fed state.”
palatability
Acceptable to the taste and flavor for the animal to consume it; term can be hard to measure; the animals have to like it to eat it (this includes both taste and the texture; for ex. if rocks smelled and tasted good we would still not eat them due to poor texture).
satiety
The quality or state of being fed or gratified to or beyond capacity.
VFA
volatile fatty acids (are fatty acids with a carbon chain of six carbons or fewer. They can be created through fermentation in the intestine. Examples include: acetate, propionate, butyrate).
What are included in the factors that affect food intake?
General characteristics
factors in the environment
condition of feed
How any factors are spoken about in ans 255?
15 factors
What are the 15 factors?
hunger
habit
boredom
composition of the feed
taste (in mammals)
odor and dustiness
sense of sight
neural and hormonal signals
satiety
limits of the GI tract
moisture level of feed
body weight
production
environmental conditions
health of the animal
How is hunger an affect on intake
hungry animals eat fast and eat more
How does habit affect intake
Animals may become accustomed to certain feeding patterns. It is possible that altering these patterns can have an effect on their food intake. For example, dairy cows are often accustomed to being fed after being milked. If the milking schedule were adjusted the cows still might want to eat after being milked. Even though they may not truly be hungry, they are simply accustomed to eating then.
How does boredom affect intake?
Many animals eat simply because they are bored
How does feed composition of feed?
the more palatable the feed the more the animal is more likely to eat
When does taste affect feed intake?
Birds not so much but mammals have taste buds
What taste do horses prefer?
molasses and citrus
what taste do cattle prefer?
sweets and cottonseed hulls
what taste do cats and dogs prefer?
meat flavors
Out of Dog, Cat, and Human who has more taste buds?
Humans have the most taste buds. They have 9,000 while cats have a few hundred and dogs have 1700.
How does smell affect feed intake?
The smell can affect the palatablity of the feed
How can an animal’s sense of sight influence feed intake.
positively or negatively; animal buddy effect and feeding aggression.
How do neural signals affect feed intake?
Hypothalamus signals the body about its metabolic state
How do hormonal signals affect feed intake?
Chemicals such as Cholecystokinin (CCK) signal the body about fullness
What are satiety hormones?
Signals that gate the activation of the inhibitory association between food cues and postingestive outcomes by acting as negative feature cues, thereby suppressing appetitive behavior
How do physical limits affect feed intake?
Based on the nutrients that a feed has when an animal if full and whether or not the animal is recieving the correct amount of nutrients.
How do moisture levels affect feed intake?
Dry matter and As-fed feed affect how many nutrients the feed may contain
Dry Matter (DM) is what
The nutrients without moisture
As-Fed is what?
DM plus moisture
How does body weight affect feed intake?
depending on the size of the animal is how much of an animal’s body weight they will eat.
What is the notation to figure out energy requirements from intake relative to body size?
BW^0.75 =energy requirement
How does production affect feed intake?
production increase nutrient requirements and the animal increases its intake
When can an animal not eat enough to meets its particular intake needs?
Lactating cow
pregnancy
lean weight gain in meat animals
milk production in mammals
egg production in poultry
true working companion animals
How does environmental conditions affect feed intake?
If it is too hot the animal will feed less.
If it is too cold the animal will eat more to produce more body heat
when does an aniaml eat more?
When it is cold out
When does an animal eat less?
When it is too hot out
How does the health of the animal affect the feed intake?
Sick animals, stressed animals, and animals with inadequate water intake all eat less than healthy animals
How to determine feed in companion animals?
Lower food intake or feed low calorie diet to the animal. These animals are more likely to over eat if given the chance.
How to determine livestock and poultry feed intake?
usually you want to maximize intake and the goal of being the most cost-efficient production of the product
What happens after a monogastric eats?
Stomach gets distended and this triggers stretch receptors.
What determines GI tract emptying time?
What is in the feed determines GI tract emptying time
