Vitamins

Question 1

How many known Vitamins?

Answer 1

16

Question 2

Vitamins are organic substances. This means?

Answer 2

They contain a carbon

Question 3

Why are vitamins added to a diet?

Answer 3

The animal cannot make the vitamin or they cannot make a high enough level of it

Question 4

Antioxidants

Answer 4

Substances that help prevent oxidation, may help increase immune function and possibly decrease risk of infection and cancer. Antioxidants exist as vitamins, minerals and other compounds in foods.

Question 5

Micelles

Answer 5

An aggregate or cluster of surfactant molecules, a water-soluble sphere that contains bile acids, FFA, MAG, and lipid-soluble vitamins for transportation within the intestinal lumen.

Question 6

Monogastric

Answer 6

Having a single stomach.

Question 7

Rumen

Answer 7

A large, hollow muscular organ- one of the four stomach compartments of ruminant animals and their major site of microbial digestion.

Question 8

Vitamin

Answer 8

Any of various fat-soluble or water-soluble organic substances essential in minute amounts for normal growth and activity of the body and obtained naturally from plant and animal foods

Question 9

Two categories of vitamins

Answer 9

Fat soluble (A,D,E,& K)
Water soluble (All others: c and b complex vitamins)

Question 10

Fat Soluble

Answer 10

Vitamins are absorbed together with fat from the intestine into the circulation.

Question 11

What vitamins are fat soluble

Answer 11

Vitamins A,D,E, &K

Question 12

Can fat soluble vitamins be stored?

Answer 12

Yes, even for long periods of time (Months)

Question 13

How are Fat soluble vitamins absorbed?

Answer 13

Intact, meaning they do not need to be digested

Question 14

How do FSV (Fat soluble vitamins)get absorbed into the body?

Answer 14

Entering lymph system first via chylomicrons

Question 15

Where is vitamin A found?

Answer 15

Only in Animal tissue, plants do not contain any.

Question 16

If plants do not contain Vit. A what do they contain?

Answer 16

Carotene

Question 17

What is Carotene used for?

Answer 17

The body breaks it down and forms vit. A

Question 18

Vitamin A is also called?

Answer 18

Retinol

Question 19

What are the benefits of adequate levels of vit A?

Answer 19

-Aid night vision (by strengthening light receptor pigments in the eye)
-Strengthen epithelial tissue maintenance (skin and other epithelial tissue)
-Enable bone growth

Question 20

What are the symptoms of Vit. A?

Answer 20

-Reproductive problems (so vitamin A is often added to feed or injected annually into breeding animals)
-Stunted growth
-“night blindness” (inability to see well in low-light situations)

Question 21

What are good sources of Carotene?

Answer 21

Pasture grasses, hay (Still green and not stored too long), corn

Question 22

Good sources of Vit. A

Answer 22

Animal Liver tissue

Question 23

Why should you not consume polar bear liver to obtain daily Vit. A?

Answer 23

They have such a high fat content that their liver has a lot of Vit. A. Since vitamin A is toxic in high doses a polar bear liver can be highly toxic.

Question 24

What id vit D involved in?

Answer 24

calcium absorption and utilization

Question 25

Two vitamin D forms

Answer 25

Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3

Question 26

Vitamin D2 is found in...

Answer 26

only plants

Question 27

Vitamin D3 is found in....

Answer 27

Only animal Tissues

Question 28

What animal must consume vitamin D3

Answer 28

Birds, they cannot convert D2 into D3

Question 29

What form of vitamin D do mammals need to consume?

Answer 29

Either form as their bodies can convert D2 to D3

Question 30

When do animals make vitamin D?

Answer 30

When skin is exposed to UV light. The cells make vitamin D from a type of cholesterol

Question 31

What animal cannot make their own vitamin D?

Answer 31

Dog and Cats. Due to high activity of a certain enzyme

Question 32

Vitamin D deficiency symptoms

Answer 32

-Rickets in young animals (bowlegged due to soft bones because they can't absorb calcium from the diet) -Weak bones in older animals (same reason) -Poor eggshells from laying hens (same reason)

Question 33

Good sources of vitamin D

Answer 33

-Exposure to sunlight (only takes ~15 minutes per day depending on the species) -Sun-cured hays -Cod liver oil -Synthetic vitamin D that has been manufactured to be put into vitamin supplements

Question 34

Vitamin E and what work together as antioxidants

Answer 34

Selenium

Question 35

Adding vitamin E into feed does what?

Answer 35

Has the vitamin serve as an antioxidant (preservative)

Question 36

Functions of Vitamin E

Answer 36

Important in muscle structure Important in reproduction Serves as an antioxidant in the body

Question 37

Vitamin E deficiency symptoms

Answer 37

-White muscle disease in lambs, calves, and zoo animals has been seen (weak young animals with pale colored muscle). -Reproductive failure (very expensive in a breeding herd!) -Retained placenta in cattle is associated with low vitamin E and selenium in the diet.

Question 38

What does Vitamin K serve as?

Answer 38

A cofactor in normal clotting of blood

Question 39

what is one factor that can interfere with vitamin K inside body

Answer 39

the presence of antinutritional factor called coumarin

Question 40

Where is Coumarin found

Answer 40

sweet clover

Question 41

Is coumarin the same thing as a toxin?

Answer 41

No

Question 42

what is a toxin that has the same affects as coumarin?

Answer 42

Warfarin, found in rat poison

Question 43

Good sources of vitamin K

Answer 43

Most animal feeds bacteria in the ruminant GI tract

Question 44

Can water soluble vitamins be stored?

Answer 44

No, and must be provided in daily diet

Question 45

Extra water soluble vitamins are excreted where?

Answer 45

Through urine

Question 46

is there a single vitamin B?

Answer 46

No, but not all vit. Bs have a number

Question 47

Example of vitamin B without number

Answer 47

Folacin (Folate or Folic acid)

Question 48

where can vitamin b be synthesized?

Answer 48

Microbes in the rumen and the cecum

Question 49

What can rumen microbes make?

Answer 49

All B Vitamins

Question 50

What is Vitamin B1

Answer 50

Thiamin

Question 51

Where is thiamin found?

Answer 51

in animal feeds

Question 52

What enzyme destroys thiamin?

Answer 52

Thiaminase

Question 53

How is there a thiamin deficiency?

Answer 53

Due to the enzyme thiaminase

Question 54

How do we make thiaminase more active?

Answer 54

By freezing the food item containing thiamine

Question 55

What is Beri-beri?

Answer 55

Thiamine deficiency in humans. This means an enlarged heart, numb extremities

Question 56

What is Wernicke's encephalopathy?

Answer 56

Thiamine deficiency in humans. This is a condition of mental confusion.

Question 57

Vitamin B2 is

Answer 57

Riboflavin

Question 58

Riboflavin deficiency results

Answer 58

-Reduced growth rate -reproductive failure in sows -"curled toe paralysis" in birds -Vision & eye abnormalities

Question 59

What are some good sources of riboflavin?

Answer 59

-Green forages -milk -meat/fish meal

Question 60

What is Niacin?

Answer 60

A type of B-vitamin

Question 61

where is Niacin found?

Answer 61

Found in grains

Question 62

Why are livestock given niacin vitamin premix?

Answer 62

Niacin found in grain is not readily available to the livestock.

Question 63

Deficiency of niacin acid leads to

Answer 63

-Reduced growth (diarrhea, vomiting, etc.) -Dermatitis (skin problems) -Pellagra is the most common concern

Question 64

What is Pantothenic acid?

Answer 64

A b-vitamin

Question 65

Deficiencies of pantothenic acid

Answer 65

Reduced growth loss of hair dermatitis and skin lesions fatty liver

Question 66

What is Vitamin B-12?

Answer 66

Cobalamin

Question 67

Where does cobalamin get its name?

Answer 67

from having cobalt in the substance

Question 68

Where is vitamin B12 or cobalamin found?

Answer 68

in animal tissues and in microbes

Question 69

Where does cobalamin deficiencies occurs?

Answer 69

Pigs and poultry

Question 70

Deficiencies in vitamin B12 leads to

Answer 70

reproductive failure in sows and eggs that don't hatch from breeding hens

Question 71

What is Biotin?

Answer 71

A B-vitamin

Question 72

How does a biotin deficiency come about?

Answer 72

By consuming raw egg whites. As they contain a substance that makes biotin unavailable.

Question 73

What is Choline

Answer 73

A B Vitamin or a pseudovitamin

Question 74

When may choline deficiency occur?

Answer 74

It may occur dur pregnancy in swine and poultry

Question 75

What are the results of a chloline deficiency?

Answer 75

reproductive failure in swine slipped tendon in poultry, makes it impossible to walk

Question 76

What are other B-complex vitamins?

Answer 76

Folacin Pyridoxine (B6) Inositol PABA

Question 77

What is Folacin deficiency results?

Answer 77

deficiency signs are reduced growth, reduced reproductive performance (and possible birth defects), and increased folacin seems to help immune functions.

Question 78

What is pyridoxine (B6)?

Answer 78

a coenzyme and can affect growth hormones, insulin and sex hormones

Question 79

What are deficiency signs of pyridoxine (B6)?

Answer 79

Neurological (convulsions) or skin related

Question 80

Vitamin C deficiency causes?

Answer 80

Scurvy (usually shown as edema, weight loss, emaciation and diarrhea and eventually leading to severe structural defects)

Question 81

Who can synthesize vitamin c?

Answer 81

Most mammalian species and avian species

Question 82

Who cannot synthesize vitamin c?

Answer 82

humans, many non-human primates and guinea pigs