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ANS 225 > Beef and Dairy Cattle nutrition > Flashcards

Beef and Dairy Cattle nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

How many months in the year do dairy cows lactate

A

10 months

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2
Q

What are some dietary problems for dairy cows?

A

acidosis, ketosis, and hypocalcemia

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3
Q

Bull definition

A

an uncastrated male bovine animal

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4
Q

calf definition

A

a young bovine animal, especially a domestic cow or bull in its first year

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5
Q

cow definition

A

a fully grown female animal of a domesticated breed of ox, kept to produce milk or beef

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6
Q

dry definition

A

a stage of their lactation cycle where milk production ceases prior to calving

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7
Q

heifer definition

A

a young female cow that has not borne a calf.

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8
Q

steer Definition

A

young neutered male cattle primarily raised for beef

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9
Q

Acidosis definition

A

A condition caused by low levels of forage in the animal’s diet. Large amount of RAC (readily available carbohydrates) stimulate bacteria that produce lactic acid, and bacteria that use lactic acid cannot keep up with it.

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10
Q

Ad libitum definition

A

Allowing animals to have access to as much feed as is desired or necessary as often as possible, also known as “free choice”

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11
Q

Angus definition

A

A breed of beef cattle originally from Scotland that is solid black or red and naturally polled (hornless)

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12
Q

Backgrounding definition

A

An intermediate stage that begins after weaning and ends when the calf is placed in a feedlot or is sold at auction. This feeding relies on a forage (grass and/or hay) and grain combination to increase the calf’s body weight and health status before they are sent to a feedlot.

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13
Q

What does BST stand for?

A

Bovine Somatotropin

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14
Q

What is BST OR Bovine Somatotropin

A

A protein (growth) hormone naturally produced by the pituitary glands of cattle. It can be manufactured in the lab using recombinant DNA and injected into cattle to supplement the required nutrients (or increase milk production). The manufactured BST is typically referred to as rBST or by the trade name Posilac.

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15
Q

Creep feed definition

A

A feed provided to calves which provides extra nutrients to promote faster growth

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16
Q

Dam Definition

A

Female parent of a calf

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17
Q

DIP def.

A

Rumen degradable intake protein. DIP helps keep the microbes alive in the rumen which assist in digestion

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18
Q

Dry period def.

A

The period during which a dairy cow does not produce milk. This usually lasts for 2 months before calving.

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19
Q

Feedlot def.

A

A feedlot farm feeds either cattle brought in from stocker operations or calves that are newly weaned. These cattle are fed to their selling weight. Usually, this feeding involves high energy feedstuffs that promote growth and weight gain. This is typically a beef cattle term.

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20
Q

Hereford def.

A

A breed of beef cattle originally from Britain characterized by red and white coats, they are often quite docile and produce good quality beef

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21
Q

Holstein def.

A

A breed of dairy cattle with the highest milk production, very recognizable by their distinctive black and white coat coloring

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22
Q

Hypocalcemia (Milk fever) def.

A

A condition of low calcium in a cow’s bloodstream occurring between the lactation and the dry periods

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23
Q

Jersey def.

A

A breed of dairy cattle typically light brown in color and known for their high milk fat content

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24
Q

Ketosis def.

A

A condition caused by reduction of grain (starch) in a dairy cow’s diet in which the animal does not produce enough glucose in her liver. Ketosis decreases milk production, and can cause rapid weight loss and eventually death

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25
Q

Lactation def.

A

For this chapter, lactation refers to the production of milk in a dairy cow. This usually lasts for 10 months per year in dairy cattle. However, lactation demands for any species are considerable and must be taken into consideration when planning animal diets.

26
Q

Marble def.

A

Intramuscular fat in meat; a supplement can be fed to beef cattle to increase their intramuscular fat. Marbling is said to improve the palatability of the meat.

27
Q

Selenium def.

A

A trace mineral which helps prevent metritis caused by retained placentas

28
Q

Sire def.

A

The male parent of a calf

29
Q

Stocker def.

A

A stocker operation feeds the weaned calf to increase its weigh before selling it to a feedlot (typically a beef cattle term)

30
Q

Sucrase def.

A

Enzyme secreted to help in the digestion of sucrose in the starch

31
Q

UIP def.

A

Rumen undegradable intake protein; protein used by the cow itself.

32
Q

Weaning def.

A

The process of “taking off” a calf from the replacer milk and feeding it solid food

33
Q

What Happens if the cow gives birth in the spring

A

higher nutritional requirements in late spring, early summer, when she lactates. The availability of grass at that time will provide for her requirements

34
Q

What happens if the cow gives birth in the fall

A

she will have higher nutritional requirements in winter. Due to the unavailability (or less availability) of grass at that time, supplemental feed will have to be provided to her, which is high in energy and protein

35
Q

How does the fetal weight change during gestation?

A

The longer the gestation the more the fetal weighs

36
Q

What does the beef cattle body conditioning score (BCS) in the US ranges?

A

1 to 9

37
Q

What does the Body Conditioning Score for dairy cows in the US ranges?

A

1 to 5

38
Q

What does the dogs in the US ranges?

A

1-9

39
Q

What does the cats in the US ranges?

A

1-9

40
Q

What does the horses in the US ranges?

A

normally 1-5 but there is a 1-9 scale sometimes used

41
Q

Why are heifer calf fed by hand?

A

since it is taken away from its mother cow immediately after birth

42
Q

Why are heifer calf given replacer milk?

A

cows milk is reserved for human consumption

43
Q

Why does a heifer have very high nutritional requirements

A

As it needs to to grow from calf to being able to breed in a short amount of time.

44
Q

When are bull calves sent to market?

A

shortly after birth

45
Q

Heifer calves are fed in what

A

individual hutches

46
Q

What protein can a calf digest

A

casein not plant protein

47
Q

what enzyme does a calf not produce and when can they start to produce this enzyme

A

sucrase and up to 6 weeks

48
Q

what is fed to young calves to start them on solid foods

A

prestarter feed

49
Q

what is pre-starter feed mixed with?

A

with milk and milk products. The pre-starter should be highly digestab;e and palatable

50
Q

What does creep feeding help with

A

with providing the calves with extra nutrients to promote faster growth

51
Q

When is a heifer calf bred

A

14.5 months so birth is given at 2 yrs

52
Q

how big should a heifer be before breeding

A

at least 60% of her mature size

53
Q

what are stocker cattle?

A

weaned calves that are fed to increase their weight and are then sold to the beef cattle feedlot

54
Q

what are stocker cattle fed on

A

dry lot or pasture. Drylot is more common as its cheaper

55
Q

When choosing stocker cattle, what type of cattle are normally chosen?

A

thin healthy calves as they put on weight more than fat calves do on a cheaper diet

56
Q

why should stocker cattle not be fed too much starch or too much fat

A

lowers their fiber digestibility

57
Q

What should be considered when planing to feed byproducts to cattle

A

digestibility
price relative to other feeds
storage life
needs for special feeders or equipment
potiential anti-nutritional or toxin content

58
Q

when are feedlot cattle brought

A

stocker operations or as newly weaned calves

59
Q

When market weight is reached how is cattle’s diet formulated

A

according to their frame size. Large-framed cattle are fed a higher-weight feed, while small-framed cattle are fed a lighter-weight feed

60
Q

average NC dairy cow in 2021 produced how any gallons of milk per day?

A

8 gallons

ANS 225 (9 decks)

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