Feed Regulations Flashcards
What are feeding standards
Statements or descriptions of the amounts of nutrients and energy that a specific animal requires to be healthy.
AAFCO
Association of American Feed Control Officials. Another organization that researches and studies nutritional needs of animals. They also publish guidelines of the correct way to label animal foods and the correct way to handle foods safely for both humans and animals.
Carcinogenic
Cancer causing
Mycotoxin
A toxin produced by a fungus under special conditions of moisture and temperature (mold).
NRC
National Research Council - An organization that among other things publishes feeding standards for all livestock, lab animals, & most pets.
Vegan
Someone that strictly eats nothing that is made with any animal products at all (no animal oils, fats, etc. is typically referred to as a vegan).
Vegetarian
A vegetarian is an eater of fruits and grains and nuts; someone who eats no meat or fish or (often) any animal products.
Are feed standards 100% complete
No and new research is continuing as we know it
Are feeding standards the end all be all when it comes to feeding animals?
No, just as human need different diets animals diets can change per animal.
Do we understand the nutrient feed more for livestock than we do humans?
Yes, because we can test more with animals than we can for humans.
What body functions have nutritional needed been studied in livestock.
-Maintenance
-Growth & fattening (It is important to note that getting fat is not the same as growth!)
-Work
-Reproduction
-Lactation (think about a dairy animal versus a normal Mom … obviously the requirements are different)
-Disease / stressors
What other researched factors that contribute to different nutritional requirements?
Genetics and nutritional individuality
Should children be vegan or vegetarian?
No as it may affect their growth.
Who reports information on potential toxins that can be found in human and animal foods?
AAFCO & NRC
Where can aflatoxin be found
in peanuts
what is mycotoxin?
A poison produced by fungi (mold)
Are all mycotoxins bad?
No, penicillin is a mycotoxin
When can mold grow?
During:
plant growth
processing feeds
storage
What are feeds that are affected?
Corn
Peanuts
cottonseed products
What can the presence of dangerous mycotoxins cause?
Death
Chronic disease
reduced performance
liver damage or cancer
What conditions favor mold growth?
Moisture
oxygen
nutrients
How does mold occur?
-Spores - many fungi exist through the winter as spores, so that mold may not be actively growing, but when the conditions are right, it can develop. The spores may be present in soil or plant debris.
-Dispersion by air, wind, rain, birds, or insects
-Crop damage – particularly when the integrity of the outer coating of grain is compromised
-Insect damage
-Plant weakened by drought
-Bird damage
Can human added preservative prevent mold growth?
Yes
Where does aflatoxins attack in the body?
Aflatoxins attack the liver
Is Aflatoxin lethal?
No, but it can cause liver cancer
Who is more susceptible to aflatoxin dosages: young animals or mature animals?
Young animals
Where can Aflatoxin be found?
peanuts, corn, or milk
What is the max level of presence of aflatoxin in feed for dairy cows?
20 ppb (Parts per billion)
What are the aflatoxin levels in other food animals and beef cattle?
other animals: 100 ppb
beef cattle: 200ppb
What is needed if your feed has greater than 200ppb aflatoxin?
Dilute with clean grain
How much does feed cost of production?
2/3 cost of production
What are the purpose of the regulations?
safegaurd health and people and animals
protect the consumer
Who makes the regulations?
At a state level, regulation is made by NCDA: North Carolina Department of Agriculture
What is needed to know about buying feed?
nutrient requirements for the animal you are feeding
vocabulary used in feed trade
price trends are available online
sources of credit, interest rates, etc.
what to avoid in a feed
government regulations for feeding
What is medicated feed?
Feed containing a substance that is labeled a drug
What is needed for medicated food to be sold?
Must be regulated by FDA
Must be labeled as medicated
if withdrawal period it must be stated on the tag
If selling an animal raised on medicated feed what must you do?
Wait past withdrawal period. If not you maybe sued!
What is not on the tag of feed?
Palatability, you learn from experience
Things to watch out for not necessarily associated with the tag
*Mold - may occur without warning and of course cannot be predicted.
*Shape of Feed: too fine? big pellets? Can it be sorted? *Can your animal eat it? Sometimes this is an issue for zoo animals because these animals have oddly shaped hands & mouths compared to most livestock! (Usually on feed tag)
*Storage-ability: be sure it has an adequate shelf life (how long it can be stored before it goes bad, a common pet food issue) - expiration dates are required but sometimes people buy too much without aprpeciating the room they have on the speed of usage
How many types of feed?
Two types of feed
What are the two types of feed?
Complete feed and supplements
What are complete feeds?
ready to use and must be nutritionally balanced for that species.
What are supplements?
designed to be added as part of the diet
What are the advantages to diluting premix feed?
*Allows even mixing in a large batch of feed.
*Contains a high concentration of a drug, vitamin, or mineral.
*Is in a “carrier” such as rice hulls.
