Wetlands Flashcards

1
Q

How are woodlands formed?

A

By succession, a gradual directional change in the composition of the vegetation, populations successively replace one another

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2
Q

What are the two types of wetland ecosystems?

A

Shallow water and wet terrestrial

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3
Q

What are the two types of telmatic woodland?

A

Epheemral (marsh) and stable (swamp, bog, fen)

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4
Q

What is allogenic succession?

A

When succession is driven by environmental change (other-made)

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5
Q

What is autogenic succession/

A

When the vegetation itself induces environmental change, and creates conditions conducive to its own replacement (self made)

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6
Q

What is primary succession?

A

On surfaces that have not previously supported vegetation

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7
Q

What is secondary succession?

A

On surfaces that have previously supported soil and vegetation

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8
Q

What are the main processes by which peat accumulates?

A

Terretrialisation - infilling of lakes and pools, paludification - dry land gets wetter

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9
Q

How is paludification induced?

A

various influences e.g. impeded drainage caused by sea-level rise, increased precipitation

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10
Q

What is rooting?

A

water gradually shallows by the accumulation of mud and peat

allows progressive colonisation by species more suited to shallow- water conditions

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11
Q

What is rafting?

A

Open water becomes overgrown by a buoyant raft of peat, reducing the dependancy of succession on shalllowing caused by accumulation of mud

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12
Q

How does rooting succession occur?

A
1- infilling of open water
2- swamp
3- fen
4- fen woodland
5- dry deciduous woodland
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13
Q

How does a raised bog form?

A

Acidic ombrotrophic peat accumulates above the level of the fen water table, Often found in small, sheltered basins

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14
Q

How do raised bogs differ from rooting?

A

the swamp and fen phases develop by direct colonisation of open water and water body tends to fill up top- downwards.

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15
Q

How did the Atlantic period cause formation of blanket bog?

A

ombrogenous formation
named because of its capacity to ‘blanket’ terrain
restricted to oceanic regions with wet and cool climates

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16
Q

How is most blanket bog initiated?

A

By forest clearance

17
Q

What are the features of waterlogged environments?

A

Saturated with water
oxygen deficient - hypoxic/anoxic
redox related chemical changes affecting nutrient availability

18
Q

What conditions of wetlands help retard decomposition?

A

Anoxic, abundant toxins, very acidic, means peat is produced, and bog bodies

19
Q

Why is water logging a problem for plants?

A

oxygen deficiency and increased availability of phytotoxins

20
Q

How are plants adapted to overcome oxygen deficiency?

A

Anaerobic respiration in roots
transport of oxygen to roots
release of oxygen into rhizosphere

21
Q

How are some plants adapted for anaerobic respiration?

A

Accumulate less toxic malic acid rather than ethanol

22
Q

How is high porosity provided for optimum oxygen saturation of the tissues?

A

arenchyma
cavities and channels
special oxygenating structures

23
Q

What are pneumatophores?

A

upward growing roots, take air directly into the rooting system

24
Q

How may oxygen of the rhizosphere occur?

A

diffusion of oxygen out of the root enzymic oxidation of the root surface, creating a small oxidised rejoin around the root
dead stems may act as snorkels