Grasslands Flashcards
What is a heliophile?
Sun loving species
What is the elm decline?
Occurred at boundary between sub zones VIIa/b, Atlantic/Sub Boreal boundary
establishment of neolithic farming in Britain, decline due to disease, selective cropping and pollarding
What is the landnam clearance?
Similar time to elm decline, temporary forest clearance in Denmark, shown in pollen count as a decree of trees and an increase in grass and herbs
Cleared for pastures
5 peaks of plantago pollen, suggesting 5 clearances
What are the neolithic clearances?
More extensive and permanent deforestation, associated with well populated areas
What are the Bronze Age clearances?
Continuation of landnam clearances with increased intensity
What are the iron age clearances?
climactic deforestation, marked an increase in precipitation, continuation of Bronze Age clearances
How are grassland managed?
By grazing or mowing, which is partial defoliation
What is adpressed growth?
Close to the ground or stem, e.g. negatively phototrophic rosettes, not easily grazed
What are the adaptations of grassland plants?
Intercalary meristem, adpressed growth, low palatability and ephemeral life history
What is an example of a plant with adpressed growth?
Plantago lanceolata
How are plants adapted for low palatability?
Spines, woody tissues, distastefulness and chemical toxins
What are ephemerals?
Grow rapidly in periods of limited grazing, short life cycle, exploit patches of bare soil
What is a calcifuge species?
Species growing on acidic soils e.g. Nordus stricta
What is a calcicole species?
Species growing in calcareous soils e.g. Scabiosa columbaria
What is an example of a species that can grow in a range of soil ph?
Festuca ovina