Grasslands Flashcards

1
Q

What is a heliophile?

A

Sun loving species

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2
Q

What is the elm decline?

A

Occurred at boundary between sub zones VIIa/b, Atlantic/Sub Boreal boundary
establishment of neolithic farming in Britain, decline due to disease, selective cropping and pollarding

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3
Q

What is the landnam clearance?

A

Similar time to elm decline, temporary forest clearance in Denmark, shown in pollen count as a decree of trees and an increase in grass and herbs
Cleared for pastures
5 peaks of plantago pollen, suggesting 5 clearances

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4
Q

What are the neolithic clearances?

A

More extensive and permanent deforestation, associated with well populated areas

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5
Q

What are the Bronze Age clearances?

A

Continuation of landnam clearances with increased intensity

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6
Q

What are the iron age clearances?

A

climactic deforestation, marked an increase in precipitation, continuation of Bronze Age clearances

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7
Q

How are grassland managed?

A

By grazing or mowing, which is partial defoliation

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8
Q

What is adpressed growth?

A

Close to the ground or stem, e.g. negatively phototrophic rosettes, not easily grazed

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9
Q

What are the adaptations of grassland plants?

A

Intercalary meristem, adpressed growth, low palatability and ephemeral life history

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10
Q

What is an example of a plant with adpressed growth?

A

Plantago lanceolata

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11
Q

How are plants adapted for low palatability?

A

Spines, woody tissues, distastefulness and chemical toxins

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12
Q

What are ephemerals?

A

Grow rapidly in periods of limited grazing, short life cycle, exploit patches of bare soil

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13
Q

What is a calcifuge species?

A

Species growing on acidic soils e.g. Nordus stricta

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14
Q

What is a calcicole species?

A

Species growing in calcareous soils e.g. Scabiosa columbaria

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15
Q

What is an example of a species that can grow in a range of soil ph?

A

Festuca ovina

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16
Q

What is the major impact of pH on plant distribution?

A

the influence on availability of other ions

17
Q

What type of grassland occurs in Peak District?

A

limestone grassland, very species rich

18
Q

What is the characteristic soil of limestone grasslands?

A

Rendzina

19
Q

What are rendzina soils?

A

Immature, high pH and low fertility, thin due to purity of the bedrock , little residue on dissolution

20
Q

What is a toposequence?

A

A sequence of soils in which distinctive soil characteristics are related to topographic situation

21
Q

What is a podzol?

A

An infertile, acidic soil

22
Q

What soils and species would you expect on a plateau?

A

Podsol pH<5, Low fertility,

Deschampsia flexuosa, Calluna vulgaris, Festuca ovina

23
Q

What soils and species would you expect on a slope?

A

Rendzina, pH>7, low fertility,

Festuca ovina

24
Q

What soils and species would you expect on a valley bottom?

A

Brown earth/alluvium

pH 5.5-7.5, high fertility

25
Q

What does Grime’s classic “hump-backed curve” show?

A

between crop-mass 300 - 900 g m-2, =
corridor of high potential species richness
Calcareous (limestone or chalk) grasslands have intermediately low nutrient status = high alpha diversity

26
Q

How is pH a driver of species richness?

A

helps account for variation in richness within the crop- mass corridor of 300 - 900 g m-2
Low pH soils invariably species poor,

27
Q

What is the reservoir effect?

A

fewer species adapted to grow in acid soils that calcareous soils