Western Civilizations (Middle Ages to Renaissance, Europe with Russia)

Question 1

In A.D. 395, the Roman empire was split into Western and Eastern branches

Answer 1

Roman

Byzantine

Question 2

The Eastern Roman Empire ruled from Constantinople (Istanbul), also a design style

Answer 2

Byzantine

Question 3

Rebuilt on the site of a centuries-old basilica in Constantinople by Emperor Justinian I

Answer 3

Hagia Sophia

Question 4

High level of technological achievement of the classical times was eroded by the destruction of libraries and classics; Christianity was the common religious belief; reverted to the provincialism of pre-Roman times; majority of creative effort was directed toward defensive or religious objectives; the landscape arts were intuitive rather than conscious design, and the contemporary appeal lay largely in the message of symbolism

Answer 4

Middle Ages

Question 5

Autonomous or semi-self sufficient; orderly arrangement of facilities; its central open space (cloister) as the focus of the complex

Answer 5

Monasteries

Question 6

Commissioned by Bishop Odo to illustrate the events surrounding the Norman invasion of England in 1066; 230 ft. long embroided cloth at the Battle of Hastings, which led to the imposition of the European feudal system on Britain (1070)

Answer 6

Bayeux Tapestry

Question 7

One of a Teutonic people, or Germanic tribes, of the third to fifth centuries A.D.; who invaded and settled in the Roman Empire

Answer 7

Goth

Question 8

Named after the barbarian tribes; the style of Medieval architecture in Europe from the mid-twelfth century to the Renaissance

Answer 8

Gothic

Question 9

A style of arch popular in France and elsewhere in Europe from the twelfth to the sixteenth centuries; tall and pointed

Answer 9

Gothic Arch

Question 10

Person who wrote a gardening manual, De Vegetabilibus et Plants, based on ancient Roman and contemporary treatises; described a pleasure garden and included detailed instructions for creating a “flowery mead” (1260)

Answer 10

Albertus Magnus

Question 11

Writer of Liber Ruralium Commodorum; practical advice on agricultural estate management at various scales, which was valuable to villa designers of the Italian Renaissance (1305)

Answer 11

Piero de’ Crescenzi

Question 12

The epidemic spread along active trade routes, which struck Europe, killing one-third to one-half of the population (1346)

Answer 12

Black Death

Question 13

His coronation as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 CE brought about a degree of stability to western Europe, and shored up the papacy’s hold on its land; wrote Capitulare de villis, or regulations on the administration of imperial towns

Answer 13

Charlemagne

Question 14

Spiritual and mystical communities which formed apart from the secular world; under it, the ideal of planning and order no longer applied to the world at large but to the enclosed world of the community

Answer 14

Monasticism

Question 15

The primary activity of life in the early Middle Ages

Answer 15

Agriculture

Question 16

A Medieval enclosed yard or garden; in Latin, “enclosed garden”; used as a symbol of Mary’s virginity

Answer 16

Garth or Hortus Conclosus

Question 17

Symbolic flowers during the medieval times

Answer 17

Lilies - purityRoses - martyrdomViolets - humility

Question 18

A garden created for pleasure, a safe place for both reflection and recreation; a garden during the Medieval times; enclosed within the walls or ramparts of a castle

Answer 18

Pleasance

Question 19

Contained more ornamental plants and trees than the herbarium, which contained the more utilitarian aspects of the pleasance; an orchard, which doubles as a cemetery

Answer 19

Viridarium

Question 20

A 13th-century allegory of courtly love begun by the French poet Guillaume de Lorri, and completed by Jean de Meun; its illustrations and descriptions of the story’s setting are sources of information on all aspects of medieval life, the form and function of medieval garden

Answer 20

Roman de la Rose (The Romance of the Rose)

Question 21

A 9th-century document, and an important source of information about medieval gardens; the visionary drawings illustrates the layout of a model Benedictine monastery, depicting a sustainable community

Answer 21

Plan of St. Gall

Question 22

A small medieval garden for the cultivation of medicinal plants; often associated with a castle or monastic cloister

Answer 22

Herbularius or Physic Garden

Question 23

A garden developed for the production of edible vegetables; sometimes adjunct to the pleasure gardens of the aristocracy in ancient and medical times

Answer 23

Hortus or Kitchen Garden

Question 24

A Holy Roman Emperor and King of Sicily in the Middle Ages, a member of the House of Hohenstaufen; liberally encouraged the arts and sciences and founded the first university, the University of Naples

Answer 24

Frederick II

Question 25

Italian for a flat open plain; the countryside

Answer 25

Campagna (Campo or French “Champaign”)

Question 26

This peninsula varies from flat in the south to mountainous in the north; extremely hot and dry in the south to lush, cool, and temperate in the Alps of the north; good agricultural lands

Answer 26

Italy

Question 27

A trust in human intellect, a belief in the creative abilities and rational capacities of human beings; a characteristic flavor of the cultural phase of the Renaissance

Answer 27

Humanism

Question 28

An Italian poet and early humanist, studied the art and literature of antiquity; fostered scholarship based on classical ideals

Answer 28

Petrarch

Question 29

The person who described how to construct a perspective grid in his treatise on painting, Della pittura (1435); also articulated the systematized design theory in his ten-volume book De Re Aedificatoria (1452)

Answer 29

Leon Battista Alberti

Question 30

A 15th-century novel attributed to Francesco Colonna, a Dominican monk; became a source book of design ideas for gardeners as it describes in detail the plant species which shed light on the horticultural content of early Renaissance gardens

Answer 30

Hypnerotomachia Poliphili

Question 31

A native Tuscan village, rebuilt by Pope Pius (1459) as one of the earliest models of Renaissance town planning; with organized palace, church, and town hall as a single urban entity embodying the classical concept of civitas - the balance of people, nature, and government

Answer 31

Pienza

Question 32

Center of humanist thought, the cradle of early Renaissance activity

Answer 32

Florence

Question 33

An intellectual awakening that looked to Greece and Rome rather than the Church for authority

Answer 33

Florentine humanism

Question 34

An aristocratic Italian family of powerful merchants and bankers who ruled Florence in the 15th century, with power assumed initially by Cosimo the Elder (1389-1464)

Answer 34

Medici

Question 35

Florentine architect who was the first great architect of the Italian Renaissance (1377-1446); completed the design of the dome on the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, Flowerence

Answer 35

Filippo Brunelleschi

Question 36

Center of humanist thought, the cradle of early Renaissance activity; center of the wool and cloth trade, and a cultural capital of 15th-century Europe

Answer 36

Florence

Question 37

Italian concept of escape from the city to the countryside which embodied the classical values of otium (withdrawal) and negotium (engagement); a Roman practice that became popular again during the 15th century

Answer 37

Villeggiatura

Question 38

A villa designed by Michelozzo Michelozzi at Fiesole; considered as the first true Renaissance villa that functioned as philosophical retreats; has a similar idea to that of the Generalife at Granada

Answer 38

Villa Medici

Question 39

An architectural feature which is a covered exterior gallery or corridor usually on an upper level, or sometimes ground level; the outer wall is open to the elements, usually supported by a series of columns or arches

Answer 39

loggia

Question 40

An Italian word describing a small garden set apart from the main garden of a rural Renaissance garden, providing greater privacy than available in the larger; replaced the hortus conclosus of the Middle Ages

Answer 40

Giardino segreto (secret garden)

Question 41

A historical building in Florence, Italy, designed by Brunelleschi, who received the commission in 1419 from the Arte della Seta; originally a children’s orphanage

Answer 41

Ospedale degli Innocenti

Question 42

Many independent republics; some of which were continuously at war with one another; all was Catholic, with allegiance to the Pope in Rome; humanism became the new philosophical outlook

Answer 42

Italian Renaissance

Question 43

French for a new birth or revival; term used for the revival of classic learning and art in Europe during the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries

Answer 43

Renaissance

Question 44

Proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium

Answer 44

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 45

The new power center of the Renaissance in the 16th century after Florence

Answer 45

Rome

Question 46

A church of San Pietro in Montario, considered as the first Renaissance building; it is designed by Donato Bramante using a classical vocabulary of design and proportion

Answer 46

Tempietto, Rome

Question 47

Ornamental arrangement of flowerbeds with paths of gravel, pavement, or turf, a knot garden; subdivided ground plan of a garden that formed patterns

Answer 47

Parterre (French par “on” and terre “earth”)

Question 48

Commissioned to Donato Bramante (1444-1514) by Pope Julius II, to link the hillside pavilion with the main papal palace, and provide a venue for festivals and display of sculpture ; reminiscent of the Temple of Fortuna Primigenia (c. 82 BC)

Answer 48

Cortile del Belvedere, Vatican City (Rome)

Question 49

Made in 1550 by Pirro Ligorio, who developed the thematic content and engineered the steep slope to create a series of terraces and water features, also based on Roman antiquity; Hercules as the sophisticated iconography of the villa

Answer 49

Villa d’Este, Tivoli

Question 50

Gained a reputation as the preeminent architect if the ideal agrarian villa; wrote I Quattro Libri dell’Archittettura (1570); developed precise ratios for the heights and widths of rooms, typical elements included a square hall, a loggia,a pedimented “temple” front, and steps that led to the piano nobile; his hallmark was site planning rather than garden design

Answer 50

Palladio

Question 51

Invented by early Netherlandish painters in 1420; artists like Jan Van Eyck captured realistic details, rich coloration, and deep modeling with the new slow-drying medium

Answer 51

Oil paint

Question 52

A style of 16th-century Italian art preceding the Baroque, characterized by unusual effects of scale, lighting, and perspective, and the use of bright, often lurid colors; representing an individual’s imagination and creative power rather than a divine order (Italian word for ‘hand’ - mano)

Answer 52

Mannerism

Question 53

The most extreme example of Mannerist distortion, located at Bomarzo (1552-1583); consists of a tilted house, colossal sculptures, etc.

Answer 53

Sacro Bosco of Count Orsini (Park of Monsters)

Question 54

Constructed from 1566-1570 on a hilltop near the town of Vicenza, designed by Andrea Palladio, has no agricultural component; displays quadripartite symmetry about a round central hall, with four identical porticos; notably marks the end of an era in landscape design, yet paradoxically, opened the way towards a new conception of landscape required by an ideal building

Answer 54

Villa Rotonda

Question 55

Continental European temperate climate with cold, snowy winters and warm, sunny summers supporting a rich agricultural productivity; politically unified country by mid-16th century with the king as absolute ruler

Answer 55

France

Question 56

The king of France who invaded Italy in 1495, thus France experienced the first flush of Renaissance; he brought with him Italian craftsmen and artists at Amboise in the Loire Valley

Answer 56

Charles VIII

Question 57

Birthplace of Louis XIII where the gardens are still medieval in their compartmentation, but their size and independence from the house reflect the growing love of the Renaissance landscape; designed by Pacello

Answer 57

Blois

Question 58

Place where Francis I moved the court when he assumed the throne in 1515 upon the death of his uncle, Louis XII; designed by Serlio

Answer 58

Fontainebleau

Question 59

Person who came to power under Louis XVIII; who unified France and laid the fountains of absolute monarchy, and ushered in a new pure French concept of comprehensive planning and space design

Answer 59

Cardinal Richelieu

Question 60

Chateau in Touraine where the landscape was a unified design carved out of woods, with decorative canals arising from drainage, and inclusive of a town as a subsidiary element; the design concept by J. Le Mercier prepared the way for the work of Le Notre

Answer 60

Chateau de Richelieu

Question 61

A small island with subtle landscape variations, from the rocky coasts of the southwest in Cornwall to the flat expanses of the east coast in East Anglia to the Pennine moorlands of Yorkshire and Northumberland; politically unified under a monarch (king or queen), with parliamentary form of government

Answer 61

England

Question 62

The civil strife between the Houses of York and Lancaster, which ended when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III and assumed the throne as King Henry VII

Answer 62

War of the Roses

Question 63

During his reign, the most significant garden advancements were made

Answer 63

Henry VIII (1509-1547)

Question 64

(1480-1603) Period that describes the great increase in rural estate development following reformation and subsequent redistribution of monastic land holdings to Henry VIII’s friends (“landed gentry”)

Answer 64

Tudor Period

Question 65

(1558-1603) A transition period to larger, more formal, ornate gardens; axial master plans began; increased use of topiary; increased influence from the European continent

Answer 65

Elizabethan Period

Question 66

Garden style with low, clipped evergreen shrubs and aromatic herbs that formed “knots”

Answer 66

Knot gardens

Question 67

An Elizabethan garden that dates from 1580 its garden compartments cross the straight line of sight created by the entry road and allee; the stoned steps and balustraded walls of the forecourt create a unified architectural ensemble; its garden terraces re;ate the lines of the house

Answer 67

Montacute, Somerset

Question 68

A river described by Joseph Addison as the noblest in Europe, bordered by lush meadows, luxurious trees, and rich diversification of architecture and gardens

Answer 68

River Thames

Question 69

A complex of different dates and architects but the most monumental and coordinated of all English landscape plans

Answer 69

Greenwich Hostpial

Question 70

One of the earlierst botanic gardens, known as the “Gardens of the simples,” typically oriented to the cardinal directions, and contained a central well; the organization of the planting beds reflected the order of the universe; its circular beds are located in square compartments, and the four-square compartments are confined within a larger circle

Answer 70

Orto Botanico, Padua

Question 71

(1603-1625) Period where there is increased influence from Italy; when Inigo Jones returned from study in Italy and Vitruvius translated into English (Italian purism)

Answer 71

Jacobean Period

Question 72

(1610) Published by Galilero, the first teratise based on observations made through telescp[e; a short astronomical theories, some pertains to heliocentric universe

Answer 72

Sidereus Nuncius

Question 73

(1615) A French engineer and architect that published a treatise on waterworks, Les Raisons des Forces Mouvantes; He and his brother, Isaac, studied Italian garden design, and were influential in introducing Mannerist and Baroque styles to norther Europe and England

Answer 73

Salomon de Caus

Question 74

de Cause’s greatest built landscae, located in Heidelfberg, Germany; its garden terraces are the ultimate expression of a medieval garden; was called the eight wonder of the world; it was destroyed in the Thirty Yeats War

Answer 74

Hortus Palatinus (Garden for the Elector Palatine)

Question 75

(1656-1667)Commissioned by Pope Alexander VII to design a new piazza for St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome; his work is the consummate expression of Baroque space and urban drama, with a narrowing trapezoidal piazza that leads from the basilica into the large oval piazza, defined by an elegant elliptical collonade

Answer 75

Gian Lorenzo Bernini

Question 76

A disaster that destroyed the medieval city within the old Roman walls; King Charles commissioned the rebuilt of London with wider streets and grand squares; property owners reconstructed wood buildings with stone and brick

Answer 76

Great Fire of London

Question 77

Rebuilt St. Paul’s Cathedral that exemplified the new style that changed the look of London

Answer 77

Chrisptopher Wren

Question 78

A French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who saw the universe as a mathematical construction; wrote the book La Geometrie that formed the basis of analytical geometry and outlined how coordinates can define a position in space; he also worked on optics

Answer 78

Rene Descartes

Question 79

(1682) Person who received a charter from King Charles II to establish a Quaker colony in North America; developed a grid plan that allowed for central public space and public greens within each quadrant, and required that houses be placed in the middle of lots as a precaution against fire

Answer 79

William Pen

Question 80

(1687) Person who discovered that the same force governed both the motion of the moon and a falling apple, and proved it mathematically

Answer 80

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 81

A style characterized by a restlessness and exaggeration of detail; the rational vocabulary of circles and squares was supplemented by the introduction of spiral, oval, and diagonal geometries that kept the eye moving through space; the landscape space became more thetrical

Answer 81

Baroque

Question 82

A villa located at the town of Frascati in the Alban hills; designed by Giacomo della Porta and completed by Carlo Maderno (1603) (1598-1603), based on indigenous perspective to increase steepness; the villa is set on a large terrace, creating in the front a platform to launch sight lines and in the back a garden

Answer 82

Villa Aldobrandini

Question 83

Garden first laid out by Niccolo Tribolo behind the Pitti Palace in Florence; a mixture of Roman Renaissance, Mannerism, and Baroque; the topography behind the palazzo was manipulated to form a “natural” amphitheater

Answer 83

Boboli Gardens

Question 84

The dramatic, cypress-lined avenue leads down a slope to the Isolotto; looking down the space seems to expand, yet looking back up the alle, the distance appears comrpessed

Answer 84

Viottolone

Question 85

Comprised of palace and terraced gardens of Count Carlo Borromeo on Lake Maggiore, made by Castelli and Carlo Fontana (1630-1670); a an architectonic fantasy that took over 40 years to complete, a rigid shiplike form or galleon

Answer 85

Isola Bella

Question 86

Two gardens that are each a masterpiece of domestic Mannerism that reflect different moods of man

Answer 86

Villa Capponi, ArcetriVilla Gameraia, Settignano

Question 87

The country, after being liberated from Spanish control, emereged as an economic power in the 17th century through the formation of internation trading companies and banks; its gardens reflected the modest tastes of the middle-class merchants; developed an enthusiasm for horticultural science and love of flowers

Answer 87

Netherlands

Question 88

Berceaux

Answer 88

Vualt-shaped trellises

Question 89

Patterns made primarily with flowers

Answer 89

Parterres de pieces coupees

Question 90

A royal palace of William and Mary, exemplifying the 17th-century Dutch garden style; designed by Jacob Roman (Dutch) and Daniel Marot (French); destroyed by Louis Napoleon and covered it with a picturesque, English-style garden (18th century); restoredto its original form in 1979

Answer 90

Het Loo

Question 91

A Tudor palace assumed control by Henry VIII in 1531; partly rebuilt by Wren as an English Versailles in 1699, when the park was laid out by London and Wise;

Answer 91

Hampton Court, Middlesex (London)

Question 92

The two French designers appointedby Charless II as royal gardeners in the Hampton Court; introduced French formalism and spatial definition to Britain

Answer 92

Gabriel and Andre Mollet

Question 93

The goose-foot pattern of radial avenues designed by the Mollets

Answer 93

Patte d’oie

Question 94

The famous topiary garden laid out in 1694 by Guillaume Beaumont, a garden to King James II; the plan also included a rose garden, orchard, nuttery, herb, and vegetable gardens, bowling green, and a massive beech hedge

Answer 94

Levens Hall, Cumbria

Question 95

A period of social and political unrest in which the French nobility rebelled against the king

Answer 95

Fronde

Question 96

King of France (1638-1715); his long reign was marked by the expansion of French influence in Europe and by the magnificence of his court and the Palace of Versailles; proclaimed “L’Etat, c’est moi” (I am the State)

Answer 96

Louis XIV

Question 97

A French gardener and the author of the Traite du jardinage (1638); worked for Marie de Medici at the Luxemborg gardens in Paris with Claude Mollet during the reign of Louis XIII; developed the parterre de broderie (“embroidery on the ground”); also laid the parterres at Versailles before Le Notre remodeled the entire place for Louise XIV

Answer 97

BOYCEAU, Jacques (d. 1633)

Question 98

A French landscape designer who was the royal gardener for Louis XIV (the Sun King); enetually assumed his father’s role as superintended of royal gardens

Answer 98

LE NOTRE, Andre (1613-1700)

Question 99

The project wherein Andre Le Notre, Charles Le Brun, and Louis Le Vau teamed up to undertake work for Louis XIV’s finance minister, Fouquet; epitomizes the spirit of the 17th-century French formal garden; the pools reflect the chateau, the station point of the vista

Answer 99

Vaux-Le-Vicomte, Maincy

Question 100

The spaces between pieces of flat scenery on a stage or in a theater; the wings

Answer 100

Coulisse

Question 101

Commissioned to Le Notre, Le Brun, and Le Vau by Louis XIV to convert his father’s hunting lodge into an entertainment villa and, later, a royal palace; heliocentric iconography, inclding the imagery of Apollo, the god of the Sun, is pervasive at the site; the pools reflect the sun, a representation of the former king

Answer 101

Versailles

Question 102

A complex area regained by Prince de Conde in 1660; restored by Le Notre; the pools reflect nature - the woodlands, the sky, and the limitless imagination of the viewer; the chateau is subordinate to the monumental axis that organizes the landscape the project is primarily one of the spectacle of water pageantry

Answer 102

Chantilly

Question 103

Influenced by contact with the Far East; with Mediterranean climate same as in Spain

Answer 103

Portugal

Question 104

A town and municipality in the state of Piauí in the Northeast region of Brazil; made at the end of the 17th century, consists of three elements, each drawn from a different background - the parterre (Italian Renaissance), the rectangular water-tank (Moorish), and the gallery lined with coloured tiles (Portuguese); added with a Baroque pool in the 18th century

Answer 104

Fronteira

Question 105

Exotic style in Portugal (1500-onward); a Portuguese late Gothic style

Answer 105

Manueline