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Reviewer: History of Landscape Architecture > General Terms > Flashcards

General Terms Flashcards

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0
Q

A tree or shrub of the Mimosaceous genus, native to warm geographical regions; a favorite vegetative form in much artwork in the Middle East; Gum Arabic

A

Acacia

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1
Q

In the open air; out of doors; Italian for “in the fresh air”

A

Al Fresco

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2
Q

A place shaded by trees or shrubs; an open structure, usually consisting of a horizontal framework or a littice work supported by columns on which vines or other plants are trained

A

Arbor

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3
Q

A real or imaginary straight line on which an object rotates or is perceived to balance; a centerline along which the parts of an object are symmetrically balanced

A

Axis

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4
Q

The place of several elements along a single centerline or at cross axes to main axis

A

Axial Planning

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5
Q

Italian word for Bas-relief meaning low relief

A

Basso Rilievo

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6
Q

Sculpture or carving of shallow depth, usually on a flat or curvd surface of stone; figures project minimally from the monolithic background stone

A

Bas-relief

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7
Q

Two-sided or arranged on opposite sides of an axis; symmetrical

A

Bilateral

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9
Q

From the Paleolithic Era; a large horizontal slab-like stone that spans several upright stones as a prehistoric monument or tomb

A

Cromlech

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9
Q

A low plain along a streambed or channel that is subject to flooding; soil is composed of sediments deposited by the stream

A

Floodplain

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10
Q

Large upright stones capped with a covering slab; erected in prehistoric times as a monument or tomb

A

Dolmen

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11
Q

A deposit of rock, gravel, and sand particles that have been transported and laid down by a flowing body of water

A

Alluvial Deposit

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12
Q

A green, sometimes moist and cool, fertile place in a desert area

A

Oasis

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13
Q

Having to do with right angles, rectangular, linear, or axial

A

Orthogonal

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14
Q

A garden structure consisting of a trellis supported by posts or columns and upon which vines or other plants are trained

A

Pergola

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15
Q

A doorway, gate, or entrance, especially a large and imposing one; pylon

A

Portal

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16
Q

The Latin word that means “the paintings that adorned the walls of porticos”

A

Topia

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17
Q

Evergreen plants carved into geometrical or sculptural forms

A

Topiary

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18
Q

The physical features, both natural and human-made, on the earth’s surface; relief, drainage, surface materials, vegetation, special physical phenomena, and human-made (cultural) features

A

Topography

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19
Q

A pyramidal staged tower, of which the angles were oriented to the cardinal points

A

Ziggurat

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20
Q

A coniferous tree with evergeen needle-like leaves, cones, and a chracterisitc fragrance; regarded as sacred in much of the ancient Near East (Scientific Name and Common Name)

A

Cedrus libani (Cedar of Lebanon)

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21
Q

The hardier coniferous tree with evergeen need-like leaves, cones, and characteristic fragrance; more widely found in America

A

Cedrus libani sterrocoma

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22
Q

A place of delight; a terrestrial paradise; said to be in the eastern part of the world and surrounded by a high wall or mountains

A

Eden

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24
Q

A raised place or small hill, usually human-made, designed to give a view of the estate

A

Mount

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24
Q

An ancient structural system comprised of vertical supports, spanned by horizontal beams

A

Post and Lintel

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25
Q

Any place of great beauty and perfection; a place or condition of great happiness; heaven

A

Paradise

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26
Q

A geometric figure having four side and four angles

A

Quadrilateral

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27
Q

A composition that consists of two axes intersecting at right angles and resulting in all four subdivisions or quadrants being equal; biaxial

A

Quadrilateral Symmetry

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28
Q

The region where the stages of the ziggurats were developed into continuous inclined ramp circulating the four sides

A

Assyrian Region

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29
Q

The devise for raising water; used for the irrigation of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon; also used by the ancient Egyptians for pumping water from the Nile into their vast system of irrigation canals; invented by the Mesopotamian civilizations

A

Spiral Pump

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30
Q

Persian word for garden, especially one that is quadripartite or subdivided into four quadrants by water channels crossing at its center; where the capital city of Iraq gotten its name, hence “Garden City”

A

Bagh

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31
Q

An important element in ancient Mesopotamian temple complexes; the number of its stages rose from one to seven in the course of time; often, each stage was faced in a stone of a different color, with the top most shrine being the most brilliant in tone

A

Ziggurat

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32
Q

A large square cloth worn by women in India; Hindu word for “shawl”; used to describe the carved marble water chutes in the Moghul gardens of India and Pakistan where water is made to flow from a pool over a rippled incline to appear to sparkle as it descends to a lower pool

A

Chadar (Chador, Chuddar, or Chuder)

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33
Q

Persian word for underground water canals that were constructed through the desert to bring water from a remote source to irrigate cultivated lands

A

Qanat

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34
Q

The Persian word meaning “fence” or “enclosure;” in Arabic, it means “walled around”

A

Pairidaeza (Paradise)

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35
Q

A garden created to symbolize the qualities of heaven

A

Paradise Garden

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36
Q

A fortress or fortified place such as a town with a commanding height for military advantages

A

Citadel

37
Q

A porch-like structure consisting of a roof supported by columns and attached to a building

A

Porticos

38
Q

The public open space for social, civic, and market purposes; normally surrounded by public buildings

A

Forum

39
Q

The belief that all natural objects, animate or inamite, as well as the universe, possess a soul

A

Animism

40
Q

Attributing human firm or characteristics to inanimate objects, animals or to a god

A

Anthropomorphic

41
Q

The horizontal top part of an order of classical architecture supported by columns

A

Entablature

41
Q

The three components of an entablature

A

Architrave
Frieze
Cornice

42
Q

A vertical, weight-carrying architectural support; circular in cross section, and consisting of a base, a shaft, and a capital; can be erected as freestanding monuments

A

Column or Pillar

45
Q

The city that is the seat of government of a country, state, or province; any form of wealth (money or property) capable or being employed in the production of more wealth

A

Capital

47
Q

Vertical channeling or grooves; semicircular in cross section; used principally on columns and pilasters

A

Flute or Fluting

48
Q

A series or row of columns spanned by lintels

A

Colonnade

49
Q

Freestanding masonry support for an arch, usually square in section; same function as a column or pillar

A

Pier

51
Q

The topmost feature of a column, post, or pilaster; in classical architecture, it followed various architectural orders

A

Capital

53
Q

A flat, rectangular column attached to a wall as decoration rather than structure; usually of the same design order as its structural counterparts; an attached column

A

Pilaster

55
Q

A spiral scroll-like form characteristic of the Greek Ionic Capital

A

Volute

57
Q

In architecture, the part of a column between the capital and base

A

Shaft

59
Q

In architectural ornamentation, a flat square molding separating other moldings; a narrow band between two flutings in a column

A

Fillet

60
Q

An architectural member of wood or stone that projects beyond a wall to support a weight such as a roof or balcony; generally, formed of scrolls or volutes

A

Brackets

61
Q

Another term for brackets when supporting the upper portion of a cornice

A

Consoles

63
Q

In Classical or Renaissance architecture, the topmost projecting portion of the entablature;also refers to any crowning projection of a building

A

Cornice

64
Q

The foot or bottom support of a column, pillar, statue, etc.

A

Pedestal

65
Q

A Greek term meaning “chief beam;” the beam or lowest division of the entablature which extends from column to column; term also applied to the molded frame around a door or window

A

Architrave

66
Q

The portion of the entablature between the architrave and cornice in Classical architecture

A

Frieze

67
Q

In classical architecture, the triangular space at the end of a building formed by the ends of the sloping roof and the cornice; also an ornamental feature having this shape

A

Pediment or Gable

68
Q

Engineered distribution of water onto land to promote the growth of vegetation where insufficient natural rainfall limits plant growth

A

Irrigation

69
Q

The belief in many gods

A

Polytheism

70
Q

Th interval or area between or within things which has kength, breadth, and height

A

Space

71
Q

The art of space utilization

A

Landscape Architecture

72
Q

A space with definite character; consciously intended or appears to be purposeful and not accidental

A

Positive Space

73
Q

Bounded by definite edges such as walls, dense vegetation, or landforms; feels unambiguous and has an unmistakable clarity or integrity

A

Positive Space

74
Q

Without a definite, consciously intended purpose; accidental; not bounded by definite edges such as walls, dense vegetation, or landforms; feels ambiguous and lacks clarity or integrity

A

Negative Space

75
Q

Of the time prior to the fall of the Western Roman Empire

A

Ancient

76
Q

The original model or design from which all other things of thr dsmr kind are made

A

Archetype

77
Q

Gigantic; vast and rough; massive; an architectural style of stone stone construction using large irregular blocks without mortar

A

Cyclopean

78
Q

Any substance used as a binder for other substances

A

Cement

79
Q

A viscous mixture cement or lime with sand and water; used to bond units such as concrete blocks, bricks, or stoned together; also used as a plaster or stucco

A

Mortar

80
Q

In architecture, the flat slab atop the capital of a column, supporting the entablature or other super-structure

A

Abacus

81
Q

A line of arches resting on piers or columns

A

Arcade

82
Q

A structural device, semicircular or pointed in shape, formed of separated truncated wedge-shaped blocks to span an opening

A

Arch

83
Q

Relating to shepherds or herdsmen; typical rural life; having thr charm or simplicity of rural pastureland

A

Bucolic or pastoral

84
Q

Pastoral poem

A

Bucolic

85
Q

A place full of intricate passageways; a network of interconnecting passages; formed of clipped evergeen hedges

A

Labyrinth

86
Q

Patterns or composition formed by embedding small pieces of stone or glass (tesserae) in mortar or wet plaster on surface such as walls and floors

A

Mosaic

87
Q

A molding formed by a convex and concave curve; also an S-curved form

A

Ogee

88
Q

A view whose dominant characteristic is its breadth; series of pictures of a landscape displayed on a continuous surface

A

Panorama

89
Q

A masonry roof or ceiling constructed on the arch principle

A

Vault

90
Q

A type of vault; semicylindrical in criss section; a deep arch or an uninterrupted series if arches one behind the other

A

Barrel Vault

91
Q

A symbolic line that extends from the sky to the underworld with the earth at its center; trees, mountains, pyramids, and earth mounds might all be considered as such

A

Axis mundi

92
Q

The day the sun crosses the equator, marking days and night of equal length

A

Equinox

93
Q

Dates of vernal (spring) equinox and the autumnal equinoz

A

March 20 and September 23

94
Q

The furthest point the sun reaches in the sky

A

Solstice

95
Q

Dates of the summer solstice (the longest day of the year) and the winter solstice (shortest day of the year)

A

June 21 and December 21

96
Q

A vaulted, semicircular recess in a building

A

Apse

97
Q

Images inscriped on the earth

A

Geoglyphs

98
Q

A sunken or subterranean ceremonial room used in a Puebloan cultures

A

Kiva

99
Q

A megalith, an individual standing stone

A

Menhir

Reviewer: History of Landscape Architecture (14 decks)

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