The Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries Flashcards
Three schools of thought intermingled to motivate landscape design during the 18th century
Western classicism
(Baroque Italy or Grand Monarchy France)
China
(principles of irregularity and symbolism)
England
(against classicism - new and liberal age intermingling with chinoiserie)
New capital of Russia founded by Peter the Great in 1703; considered as a strategic ‘window on to Europe’
St. Petersburg (Leningrand)
The palace of Peter the Great outside St. Petersburg, designed by Le Blond in 1717
Peterhof (Petrodvorets)
Erected between 1732 and 1762; supreme work of classical landscape art wherein the designers have created order and harmony out of the apparent chaos of natural rock form, by pure abstract design
Trevi Fountain
Capital of the world’s first truly liberal society
Washington
Given the responsibility for the new design of Washington by President George Washington
Thomas Jefferson
A Frenchman ahosen as the professional town planner for Washington at Potomac (1791), however, his plans was unrealized as contemporary city and intractable to change and growth, thus, the idea collapsed
Pierre Charles L’Enfant
The place where Chinese landscape design reached a climax, at the same time as Versailles, and with a very similar objective - a continuity of history
Summer Palaces of Peking (Beijing)
Wrote the Gardens of Epicurus (1687) wherein he praised the Chinese gardens, which he had visited, for their intricate irregularity
Sir William Temple
Term made by Sir Temple to those parts ‘where the beauty shall be great, but without any order…that shall be easily observed’
Sharawadgi
French term referring ti anything made by, or imitated from, the Chinese; popular motif for landscape and architectural furnishings during the 18th century in Europe and England
Chinoiserie
From a French word that means “rock work”; a term applied to a type of Renaissance ornament in which rocklike forms, scrolls, and shells are used together in a confusion of detail often without organic coherence but presenting a lavish display of decoration; especially popular in France, Germany, and Switzerland during the late 18th century
Rococo (Rocaille)
French expression for “object of art”; a small object of artistic value
Objet d’art
A very small village; a small cluster of houses in the country; in Britain, a village without a church of its own but belong to the parish of another town
Hamlet
The School springing from a relation to nature that had always been latent but now emerged from beneath the fashionable Italian and French classical overlays
The English School
The term to describe one of the attitudes of taste toward architecture and landscape gardening between 1785 and 1835; buildings and landscapes were to have the compositional qualities and informality of a painted picture
Picturesque
A French expression for “ornamental farm”; a type of picturesque, romantic rural landscape garden popular during the 18th century in England and on the continuent
Ferme ornee
(1685-1748) Described as ‘the father of modern gardening’ by Horace Walpole; Chiswick House, Middles as his first commission for his patron, the Earl of Burlington, in collaboration with Charles Bridgeman
William Kent
The garden designed by the banker, Henry Hoare, for himself; similar to Claude Lorraine’s panting of the coast view of Delos with Aeneas
Gardens at Stourhead
A sunken fence or ditch
Ha-ha
To improve the agriculture economy in England, put vast tracts of once commonly held land into private hands, increasing the economic and political power of the landed gentry
Enclosure Acts of the Parliament
Chinese-themed textile, ceramics, wallpaper, and furniture
Chinoiserie
In landscape architecture, the manner of, or having the quality of, nature but contrived; consciously composed by human beings to look like a natural setting; popularized in the 16th-century England
Naturalesque
The quality of being like nature and not of human-made appearance; a carefully organized planting of indigenous plant materials
Naturalistic
Sham ruins, an architectural feature that were incorporated by William Kent in his landscapes; similar to elements seen in the paintings of Lourain and Poussin
Frabriques
The designers who designed the Stowe, responsible for the successive site plans with a record of changing garden design styles in the 18th century
Bridgeman and Wise
Kent
Brown
A hybrid style that became popular in France and Germany, when the French saw a connection between the Chinese garden and the English garden
Anglo-chinois
Estate grounds of George Washington; his foremost priority in laying out its grounds of his estate was the improvement of the farm lands; its modest, coherent plan reflects the values of a gentleman farmer
Mount Vernon, Virginia
Built around 1771 by Jefferson, as his private retreat, where he could pursue his studies of natural history and architecture; introduced a degree of the picturesque to 18th-century American gardens
Monticello, Virginia
Jefferson;s farm-estate which represented the artful science of Enlightenment; a 62-acre property reffed to as his “curtilage” or private sanctuary; a perfect marriage of architecture and landscape
Poplar Forest, Virginia
An English society in the 19th century, dominated by the middle class, who built smaller “suburban villas” around industrial centers, contrasted to Georgian society dominated by the upper class and their landscape gardens
Victorian society
A glass case that protected plants, displayed in the home from the poisonous fumes of gaslight; invented in the 19th century, as the Victorians were enthralled by the plethora of exotic plants being introduced to England; essentially miniature greenhouse
Wardian case
A naturalist, fern enthusiast, and medical doctor; developed a glass case for plant by accident
Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward
Published by Loudon from 1826 to 1843; a popular source of garden information for the middle-class, who sought advice from periodical rather than landscape designers
Gardener’s Magazine
(1822) A compendium of historical styles and practices, collected from Loudon’s travels abroad
Encyclopedia of Gardening
A style developed Loudon as a way for small property owners to enjoy the landscape; with four rates determined by Loudon based on acres
Gardenesque
An arboretum designed by Loudon, which opened to the public in 1840, as an educational and recreational garden; an 11-acre site designed with gardenesque principles
Derby Arboretum
A conservatory built by Paxton at Chatsworth in 1836,” the largest glasshouse ever constructed at the time; with improved system by using cast iron and wood
“Great Sove” or Great Conservatory
A centerpiece of the London World’s Fair of 1851 (Great Exhibition in Hyde Park), built by Paxton
Crystal Palace
