Outline I: Prehistory to Ancient Times Flashcards

0
Q

Definition and date of Paleolithic Era

A

Old Stone Age (20,000 B.C. - 8,000 B.C.)

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1
Q

Definition and date of the Mesolithic Era

A

Middle Stone Age (8,000 B.C - 4,000 B.C.)

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2
Q

Definition and date of the Neolithic Era

A

New Stone Age (4,000 B.C. - 3,300 B.C.)

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3
Q

Date of the Bronze Age

A

(3,300 B.C. - 1,600 B.C.)

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4
Q

Duration of the Prehistoric Times

A

(20,000 B.C. - 3,300 B.C.)

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5
Q

Describe the Paleolithic Era (7 Key Points)

A
First tools (stone axe, knife)
Hunting skills evolving
Food gathering
Nomadic lifestyle
Worship of fertility goddess
Various races evolved
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6
Q

Describe the Neolithic Era (7 Key Points)

A
Earliest agriculture
Domestication of animals
Use of fire to clear fields
Formation of villages And towns
Evolution of power and authority
Improvement of Toolmaking techniques
Development of weaving and pottery
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7
Q

Describe the Mesolithic Era (3 Key Points)

A

More advanced hunting skills
Advancement on Plant collection techniques
Semi-settled lifestyle

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8
Q

Describe the Bronze Age (9 Key Points)

A
Transition from villages to cities
Food surplus and storage
Writing developed
Social organization
Metallurgy (bronze and copper tools)
Refined pottery skills
Mathematics
Astronomy
Calendar
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9
Q

Duration of the Ancient Times

A

(4,000 B.C. - A.D. 476)

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10
Q

Date of Egyptian Society

A

(4,000 B.C. - 500 B.C.)

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11
Q

With a desert environment that protected and stabilized the social system; annual flooding that led to having fertile agricultural lands

A

Egypt

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12
Q

What are the monumental structures in Egypt?

A

Ziggurats, pyramids, and axial funerary

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13
Q

Describe the formal residential estates and gardens in Egypt (5 Key Points)

A
Enclosed in walls
Included utilitarian plantings
Formal ground plan influenced by irrigation system
Included fish tanks or pools
Within a garden-like setting
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14
Q

An example of a formal residential estate in Egypt

A

Residential estate of high official of Amenhotep III, c. 1400 B.C,

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15
Q

Example of an axial funerary in Egypt

A

Queen Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple, Dier el-Bahri, c. 1480 B.C

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16
Q

Has strong central government with pharaoh worshipped as god; slave labor maintained vital irrigation network; strong belief in afterlife

A

Egypt

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17
Q

Duration of Mesopotamian Civilizations

A

(3,500 B.C. - 538 B.C.)

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18
Q

Date of the Sumerian Society

A

(3,500 B.C. - 900 B.C.)

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19
Q

Date of the Assyrian Society

A

(900 B.C. - 625 B.C.)

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20
Q

Date of the Neo-Babylonian Society

A

(611 B.C. - 538 B.C.)

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21
Q

The “fertile crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; a broad floodplain; more temperate climate than Egypt; with urbanized populations and social organization

A

Mesopotamia

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22
Q

One of its design expressions is the royal hunting parks

A

Mesopotamian Civilizations

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23
Q

Had the concept of “paradise” or “garden of Eden”

A

Mesopotamian Civilizations

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24
Q

The date and reason why the Hanging Gardens of Babylon created

A

(605 B.C.) Created for the wife of King Nebuchadnezzar

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25
Q

A “green mountain” of a seven-storied palace with gardens planted on each terrace level

A

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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26
Q

Where walled cities were “organic” in form

A

Mesopotamia

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27
Q

Where residences were sun-baked brick with interior courtyards to provide open-air ventilation

A

Mesopotamia

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28
Q

The notion that heaven was capable of being created by human beings on the earth; quadrilaterally symmetrical; divided by four warer channels flowing from a central point

A

Paradise or Garden of Eden

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29
Q

Date of the Persian Society

A

(539 B.C. - 331 B.C.)

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30
Q

Its empire extended from Egypt to Indus River (India); characterized by hot, arid desert landscape with few fertile river valleys; practiced open-air worship

A

Persia

31
Q

Persians are a synthesis of what societies?

A

Assyrians, Egyptians, and Ionian Greek

32
Q

Ban of figurative art in Persia led to this type of design style

A

Geometric Abstract Patterns

33
Q

Date of the Persian Society

A

(539 B.C. - 331 B.C.)

34
Q

The end date of the Persian dominance and the person responsible for ending it

A

(331 B.C.) Alexander the Great

35
Q

Persia’s idealization of the world as “Paradise Gardens” (5 Key Points)

A

Geometric ground plan;
Biaxially divided
(“four quarters of the universe” or “four rivers of heaven”);
Enclosed within architectural walls;
Water in reflecting pools, cascades, and small fountains;
Lush plant material for shade and scent

36
Q

Style that originated from Persia; created in Spain during the 14th century, specifically, in Alhambra, Generalife, and Alcazar

A

Islamic (Moorish) Style

37
Q

Its empire extended from Egypt to Indus River (India); characterized by hot, arid desert landscape with few fertile river valleys; practiced open-air worship

A

Persia

38
Q

Persians are a synthesis of what societies?

A

Assyrians, Egyptians, and Ionian Greek

39
Q

Ban of figurative art in Persia led to this type of design style

A

Geometric Abstract Patterns

40
Q

Date of the height of the Persian empire under Darius I and Xerxes

A

(523 B.C. - 465 B.C.)

41
Q

The end date of the Persian dominance and the person responsible for ending it

A

(331 B.C.) Alexander the Great

42
Q

Persia’s idealization of the world as “Paradise Gardens” (5 Key Points)

A

Geometric ground plan;
Biaxially divided
(“four quarters of the universe” or “four rivers of heaven”);
Enclosed within architectural walls;
Water in reflecting pools, cascades, and small fountains;
Lush plant material for shade and scent

43
Q

Style that originated from Persia

A

Islamic (Moorish) Style

44
Q

Date of the height of the Persian empire under Darius I and Xerxes

A

(523 B.C. - 465 B.C.)

45
Q

Date of the Greek society

A

(700 B.C. - 136 B.C.)

46
Q

Situated on a rugged, mountainous indented peninsulas and islands that made land travel difficult, leading to maritime travel and communications; isolation of people into separate political units; hot, arid climate; with little arable land area

A

Greece

47
Q

Their philosophy is based on the notion of pure reason and truth derived from scientific evidence; belief in a basic order and idealized harmonies of forms; polytheistic religion with many gods associated with natural phenomenon

A

Greeks

48
Q

Basic order and idealized harmonies of forms

A

Golden Mean or Golden Section

49
Q

The design expressions in Greece (5 Examples)

A
Polis or city-state
Planned colonial settlements
Acropolis
Sacred ground
Academy
50
Q

Has restrictions on buildings heights and number of windows

A

Greece

51
Q

Had walled towns with gridiron street pattern; major streets oriented north-south and east-west

A

Greece

52
Q

Codified principles of planning in in 450 B.C.

A

Hippodamus

53
Q

An example of planned colonial settlements in Greece

A

Miletus
Olynthus
Priene

55
Q

An example of the Acropolis

A

Acropolis, Athens

Acropolis, Delphi

56
Q

Date of the Roman World

A

(510 B.C. - A.D. 476)

57
Q

Originated in the hot, arid central Italian peninsula and expanded westward to Spain and Scotland, and eastward to the Persian Gulf

A

Roman Society

58
Q

Two main groups of the Roman World; one based on. Greek democracy and religion and the other, had a class syste under dictatorship of emperor

A

Roman Republic (510 - 27 B.C.) and Roman Empire (27 B.C. - A.D. 476)

59
Q

The person who legalized Christianity as official religion in A.D. 313

A

Emperor Constantine

60
Q

In A.D. 395, the Roman empire was split into Western and Eastern branches

A

Roman

Byzantine

61
Q

Kinds of engineering and technological design expressions of the Romans

A
Roads
Bridges
Aqueducts
Fortresses and Walls
Walled Towns
62
Q

Society or period and location of Hadrian’s Wall

A

Roman Empire (c. A.D. 125) in England

63
Q

Examples of walled towns in the Roman world

A

London

Pompeii

64
Q

Examples of an urban open-space development in the Roman world

A

The Forum Romanum, Rome (c. 100 - 46 B.C.)

The Imperial Fora, Rome (44 B.C. - A.D. 112)

65
Q

Examples of forum in the Imperial Fora, Rome (44 B.C. - 112 B.C.)

A

Forum of Julius Caesar (Julium, 44 B.C.)
Forum of Augustus (Augustum, A.D. 14)
Forum of Trajan (Trajani, A.D. 100 - 112)

66
Q

An example of urban residential gardens during the Roman Empire

A

House of the Vettii, Pompeii

67
Q

Types of Villas in the Roman world and an example of each

A
Villa urbana (Horace's Villa, Sabine Hills, 30 B.C.)
Villa rustica (Pliny the Younger's Vilka, Laurentinum, A.D. 100)
68
Q

The book where the phrase “genius of the place” first appeared

A

Book V of Virgil’s Aenid

69
Q

The world’s first literate civilization

A

Sumerian

70
Q

System of writing on clay developed by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia

A

Cuneiform

71
Q

Early expression of man’s determination to place his mark upon an endless flat surface

A

Ziggurat

72
Q

Sumer’s greatest surviving monument; an artificial ‘Hill of Heaven’

A

Ziggurat of Ur

73
Q

Described as the mother-city if the manufactured landscape as well as of gardens

A

Babylon

74
Q

The dominant military power in Mesopotamia

A

Assyrians

75
Q

This site was chosen as the center of the world c. 540 BC by Cyrus the Great in the tradition if the earlier Achaemenid fortresses

A

Persepolis