Outline I: Prehistory to Ancient Times Flashcards
Definition and date of Paleolithic Era
Old Stone Age (20,000 B.C. - 8,000 B.C.)
Definition and date of the Mesolithic Era
Middle Stone Age (8,000 B.C - 4,000 B.C.)
Definition and date of the Neolithic Era
New Stone Age (4,000 B.C. - 3,300 B.C.)
Date of the Bronze Age
(3,300 B.C. - 1,600 B.C.)
Duration of the Prehistoric Times
(20,000 B.C. - 3,300 B.C.)
Describe the Paleolithic Era (7 Key Points)
First tools (stone axe, knife) Hunting skills evolving Food gathering Nomadic lifestyle Worship of fertility goddess Various races evolved
Describe the Neolithic Era (7 Key Points)
Earliest agriculture Domestication of animals Use of fire to clear fields Formation of villages And towns Evolution of power and authority Improvement of Toolmaking techniques Development of weaving and pottery
Describe the Mesolithic Era (3 Key Points)
More advanced hunting skills
Advancement on Plant collection techniques
Semi-settled lifestyle
Describe the Bronze Age (9 Key Points)
Transition from villages to cities Food surplus and storage Writing developed Social organization Metallurgy (bronze and copper tools) Refined pottery skills Mathematics Astronomy Calendar
Duration of the Ancient Times
(4,000 B.C. - A.D. 476)
Date of Egyptian Society
(4,000 B.C. - 500 B.C.)
With a desert environment that protected and stabilized the social system; annual flooding that led to having fertile agricultural lands
Egypt
What are the monumental structures in Egypt?
Ziggurats, pyramids, and axial funerary
Describe the formal residential estates and gardens in Egypt (5 Key Points)
Enclosed in walls Included utilitarian plantings Formal ground plan influenced by irrigation system Included fish tanks or pools Within a garden-like setting
An example of a formal residential estate in Egypt
Residential estate of high official of Amenhotep III, c. 1400 B.C,
Example of an axial funerary in Egypt
Queen Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple, Dier el-Bahri, c. 1480 B.C
Has strong central government with pharaoh worshipped as god; slave labor maintained vital irrigation network; strong belief in afterlife
Egypt
Duration of Mesopotamian Civilizations
(3,500 B.C. - 538 B.C.)
Date of the Sumerian Society
(3,500 B.C. - 900 B.C.)
Date of the Assyrian Society
(900 B.C. - 625 B.C.)
Date of the Neo-Babylonian Society
(611 B.C. - 538 B.C.)
The “fertile crescent between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; a broad floodplain; more temperate climate than Egypt; with urbanized populations and social organization
Mesopotamia
One of its design expressions is the royal hunting parks
Mesopotamian Civilizations
Had the concept of “paradise” or “garden of Eden”
Mesopotamian Civilizations
The date and reason why the Hanging Gardens of Babylon created
(605 B.C.) Created for the wife of King Nebuchadnezzar
A “green mountain” of a seven-storied palace with gardens planted on each terrace level
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Where walled cities were “organic” in form
Mesopotamia
Where residences were sun-baked brick with interior courtyards to provide open-air ventilation
Mesopotamia
The notion that heaven was capable of being created by human beings on the earth; quadrilaterally symmetrical; divided by four warer channels flowing from a central point
Paradise or Garden of Eden
Date of the Persian Society
(539 B.C. - 331 B.C.)
Its empire extended from Egypt to Indus River (India); characterized by hot, arid desert landscape with few fertile river valleys; practiced open-air worship
Persia
Persians are a synthesis of what societies?
Assyrians, Egyptians, and Ionian Greek
Ban of figurative art in Persia led to this type of design style
Geometric Abstract Patterns
Date of the Persian Society
(539 B.C. - 331 B.C.)
The end date of the Persian dominance and the person responsible for ending it
(331 B.C.) Alexander the Great
Persia’s idealization of the world as “Paradise Gardens” (5 Key Points)
Geometric ground plan;
Biaxially divided
(“four quarters of the universe” or “four rivers of heaven”);
Enclosed within architectural walls;
Water in reflecting pools, cascades, and small fountains;
Lush plant material for shade and scent
Style that originated from Persia; created in Spain during the 14th century, specifically, in Alhambra, Generalife, and Alcazar
Islamic (Moorish) Style
Its empire extended from Egypt to Indus River (India); characterized by hot, arid desert landscape with few fertile river valleys; practiced open-air worship
Persia
Persians are a synthesis of what societies?
Assyrians, Egyptians, and Ionian Greek
Ban of figurative art in Persia led to this type of design style
Geometric Abstract Patterns
Date of the height of the Persian empire under Darius I and Xerxes
(523 B.C. - 465 B.C.)
The end date of the Persian dominance and the person responsible for ending it
(331 B.C.) Alexander the Great
Persia’s idealization of the world as “Paradise Gardens” (5 Key Points)
Geometric ground plan;
Biaxially divided
(“four quarters of the universe” or “four rivers of heaven”);
Enclosed within architectural walls;
Water in reflecting pools, cascades, and small fountains;
Lush plant material for shade and scent
Style that originated from Persia
Islamic (Moorish) Style
Date of the height of the Persian empire under Darius I and Xerxes
(523 B.C. - 465 B.C.)
Date of the Greek society
(700 B.C. - 136 B.C.)
Situated on a rugged, mountainous indented peninsulas and islands that made land travel difficult, leading to maritime travel and communications; isolation of people into separate political units; hot, arid climate; with little arable land area
Greece
Their philosophy is based on the notion of pure reason and truth derived from scientific evidence; belief in a basic order and idealized harmonies of forms; polytheistic religion with many gods associated with natural phenomenon
Greeks
Basic order and idealized harmonies of forms
Golden Mean or Golden Section
The design expressions in Greece (5 Examples)
Polis or city-state Planned colonial settlements Acropolis Sacred ground Academy
Has restrictions on buildings heights and number of windows
Greece
Had walled towns with gridiron street pattern; major streets oriented north-south and east-west
Greece
Codified principles of planning in in 450 B.C.
Hippodamus
An example of planned colonial settlements in Greece
Miletus
Olynthus
Priene
An example of the Acropolis
Acropolis, Athens
Acropolis, Delphi
Date of the Roman World
(510 B.C. - A.D. 476)
Originated in the hot, arid central Italian peninsula and expanded westward to Spain and Scotland, and eastward to the Persian Gulf
Roman Society
Two main groups of the Roman World; one based on. Greek democracy and religion and the other, had a class syste under dictatorship of emperor
Roman Republic (510 - 27 B.C.) and Roman Empire (27 B.C. - A.D. 476)
The person who legalized Christianity as official religion in A.D. 313
Emperor Constantine
In A.D. 395, the Roman empire was split into Western and Eastern branches
Roman
Byzantine
Kinds of engineering and technological design expressions of the Romans
Roads Bridges Aqueducts Fortresses and Walls Walled Towns
Society or period and location of Hadrian’s Wall
Roman Empire (c. A.D. 125) in England
Examples of walled towns in the Roman world
London
Pompeii
Examples of an urban open-space development in the Roman world
The Forum Romanum, Rome (c. 100 - 46 B.C.)
The Imperial Fora, Rome (44 B.C. - A.D. 112)
Examples of forum in the Imperial Fora, Rome (44 B.C. - 112 B.C.)
Forum of Julius Caesar (Julium, 44 B.C.)
Forum of Augustus (Augustum, A.D. 14)
Forum of Trajan (Trajani, A.D. 100 - 112)
An example of urban residential gardens during the Roman Empire
House of the Vettii, Pompeii
Types of Villas in the Roman world and an example of each
Villa urbana (Horace's Villa, Sabine Hills, 30 B.C.) Villa rustica (Pliny the Younger's Vilka, Laurentinum, A.D. 100)
The book where the phrase “genius of the place” first appeared
Book V of Virgil’s Aenid
The world’s first literate civilization
Sumerian
System of writing on clay developed by the Sumerians of Mesopotamia
Cuneiform
Early expression of man’s determination to place his mark upon an endless flat surface
Ziggurat
Sumer’s greatest surviving monument; an artificial ‘Hill of Heaven’
Ziggurat of Ur
Described as the mother-city if the manufactured landscape as well as of gardens
Babylon
The dominant military power in Mesopotamia
Assyrians
This site was chosen as the center of the world c. 540 BC by Cyrus the Great in the tradition if the earlier Achaemenid fortresses
Persepolis
