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Biology Of The Cell > Week1: Introduction To Cells And Genetics > Flashcards

Week1: Introduction To Cells And Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central dogma of molecular biology describe?

A

The pathway of information flow: DNA → RNA → protein.

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

The segment of DNA sequence that codes for one protein (or one RNA molecule).

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3
Q

What is the definition of inheritance?

A

The passing of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.

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4
Q

What is the structure that stores hereditary information in cells?

A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid).

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5
Q

How many protein-coding genes do humans have?

A

Approximately 20,000 to 25,000.

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6
Q

What is the difference between diploid and haploid?

A
  • Diploid = two copies of each gene (2n)
  • Haploid = a single copy of each gene (n)
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7
Q

Who is known as the father of genetics?

A

Gregor Mendel.

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8
Q

What is Mendelian Genetics?

A

The study of inheritance patterns and the behavior of genes.

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9
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that expresses its trait even in the presence of a recessive allele.

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10
Q

What is a recessive allele?

A

An allele that only expresses its trait when two copies are present.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: The basic unit of heredity is called a _______.

A

[gene]

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12
Q

What is the phenotype of a heterozygote Rr?

A

Resembles the homozygote R.

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13
Q

What are the two processes through which cells reproduce?

A
  • Asexual
  • Sexual
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14
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Most human cells that reproduce by asexual means.

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15
Q

What is the expected ratio of phenotypes in the F2 generation when crossing two heterozygotes (Rr)?

A

3:1.

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16
Q

True or False: All cells in the human body are identical.

A

False.

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17
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

To enclose the cell and regulate the movement of substances in and out.

18
Q

What is the significance of Mendel’s experiments with pea plants?

A

They established the foundational principles of heredity.

19
Q

What is the role of RNA in the central dogma?

A

To act as a messenger that carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

20
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.

A

[cell]

21
Q

What are the methods used to study genes and genetic information?

A
  • Gene cloning
  • DNA sequencing
  • Genetic engineering
22
Q

What is the chance of a child having Huntington’s disease if one parent has the mutation?

A

1:1 (50%) chance

23
Q

What type of genetic disorder is Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Recessive allele disorder

24
Q

What is the common mutation responsible for Cystic Fibrosis?

A

Mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene

25
Q

What is the incidence of Cystic Fibrosis in humans?

A

1 in 2,000

26
Q

What is the chance of a child having Cystic Fibrosis if both parents are carriers?

A

3:1 (25%) chance

27
Q

Define codominance in genetics

A

Alleles are codominant if one allele does not mask the other

28
Q

What is incomplete dominance?

A

Phenotype of the heterozygote is an intermediary between homozygotes

29
Q

What are the three alleles for ABO blood groups?

A

A, B, O

30
Q

What is the genotype for Phenotype A in ABO blood groups?

A

AA or AO

31
Q

What is the genotype for Phenotype B in ABO blood groups?

A

BB or BO

32
Q

What is the genotype for Phenotype AB in ABO blood groups?

A

AB

33
Q

What is the genotype for Phenotype O in ABO blood groups?

A

OO

34
Q

What is the definition of a gene?

A

The unit of heredity

35
Q

What is the difference between haploid and diploid?

A

Haploid = one copy of each gene; Diploid = two copies of each gene

36
Q

What does homozygous mean?

A

Having two identical alleles (AA or aa)

37
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

A

Having two different alleles (Aa)

38
Q

What does it mean for an allele to be dominant?

A

It will be expressed even when there is just one allele

39
Q

What does it mean for an allele to be recessive?

A

It will only be expressed when there are two alleles

40
Q

Fill in the blank: The smallest unit of living organisms is the _______.

A

Cell

Biology Of The Cell (23 decks)

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