Week Twelve - Bilingualism & Language in the Digital Age

Question 1

Bilingualism?

Answer 1

Fluency in two languages, however fluency is asymmetric

Question 2

Bilingualism can be?

Answer 2

productive or receptive

simultaneous, early sequential, or late sequential

Question 3

Bilinguals may show early?

Answer 3

language mixing eg morphology and word order and code switching (switching between 2)
(most disappear with age)

Question 4

Why do people code switch?

Answer 4

Error
To fit in with others around them
Integrate ourselves
Speak in secret
Convey thought

Question 5

How many hrs do children need of lang exposure to acquire active productive skill?

Answer 5

20 hours a week

Question 6

Costs of bilingualism?

Answer 6

Slight deficit in cog processing and WM in tasks done in L2; slightly slower reading rate

Question 7

Benefits of bilingualism?

Answer 7

Better metalinguistic awareness, more cog flexibility, more verbal fluency

Question 8

Separate lexicons in bilingualism?

Answer 8

Separate store model suggests repetition priming is bigger and longer-lasting within languages than between languages

Question 9

Shared lexicon in bilingualism? (common store model)

Answer 9

Common store model proposes that semantic priming produces facilitation between languages (l1 lexicon and l2 lexicon words are directly connected)

Question 10

Bilingual language processing

Answer 10

suggests L1 and L2 lexicons are connected at a semantic level.
Separate stores for abstract and other words
Common store for concrete words, cognates

Question 11

Forward and Backward translation?

Answer 11

FORWARD: Conceptual mediation = access words meaning to translate it (semantic factors have big effect)
BACKWARD: word association = use direct links between items in lexicon (no effect of semantic factors)

Question 12

Why is it more difficult to learn L2?

Answer 12

critical period for syntax
less time/motivation
similarities and differences between l1 and l2

Question 13

Contrasive hypothesis?

Answer 13

learner with have most difficulty where L1 and L2 differ

Question 14

U-shaped curve?

Answer 14

Restructuring begins after a while, simpler internal representations replaced by more complex ones eg rote-learning and then use of syntactic rules

Question 15

Traditional method of teaching L2

Answer 15

direct L1-L2 translations eg this means this in …

Question 16

Direct method of teaching L2

Answer 16

all teaching in l2, focus on conversation

Question 17

Audiolingual method of teaching L2

Answer 17

emphasise speaking and listening more than reading and writing

Question 18

Immersion method of teaching L2

Answer 18

class taught exclusively in L2

Question 19

Submersion method of teaching L2

Answer 19

Learner surrounded by only L2

Question 20

Language learning vs language acquisition (Krashen 1982)

Answer 20

LL = emphasis on explicit knowledge
LA = emphasis on implicit knowledge
(more emphasis on LA to succeed)

Question 21

Krashen’s Monitor Model

Answer 21

1. acquisition and learning distinction
2. natural order in acquisition
3. monitoring
4. comprehension input
5. active filter

Question 22

four factors useful in learning L2 (Carroll 1981)

Answer 22

phonological coding
grammatical sensitivity 
rote-learning ability
inductive learning skill
(WM and Motivation helps)

Question 23

How can we make it easier to learn L2?

Answer 23

immersion, less is more, practice, time to be silent, listening/talking to native speakers

Question 24

Importance of errors?

Answer 24

Errors = progress
learning = re-organising knowledge
errors + knowledge = better outcomes than just pre-teaching rule and pre-empting errors

Question 25

Sharpe’s 4 C’s?

Answer 25

communication
culture
context
confidence

Question 26

Language use is tied closely to..

Answer 26

Personal and cultural identity
national or ethnic pride
specific tasks, attitudes and beliefs

Question 27

subtractive vs additive bilingualism?

Answer 27

S = learn L2 faster but lose L1
A = learn L2 slower but keep L1

Question 28

What contributes to ease and speed of language learning?

Answer 28

Social values and social stigmatisation

Question 29

Development of textese?

Answer 29

developed with constraints with small screens, character limits, alphanumeric keyboard

Question 30

Reasons for still using textese?

Answer 30

Practical: ie quicker
Social: status, connectedness, fun

Question 31

Contractives?

Answer 31

Removing characters for efficiency (txt msg)

Question 32

Expressives?

Answer 32

Adding characters in (eg xx, emojis, pleeeeease)

Question 33

Why females use more textisms?

Answer 33

women may send more messages with more words

women use language more fluently in general and express emotion more

Question 34

Biological Model of language and gender?

Answer 34

women have smaller vocabs, avoid vulgarity, stop sentences after poor planning

Question 35

Deficit/dominance model of language and gender?

Answer 35

males dominate females with their use of language, women use more tentative langauge

Question 36

Difference model of language and gender?

Answer 36

Women use rapport-talk to establish and negotiate relationships, men use report-talk to demonstrate knowledge, skill and status

Question 37

Expressives and femininity vs masculinity?

Answer 37

People who rated themselves more feminine = more expressives

people who rated themselves more masculine = less expressive use