Week Five - Punctuation & Capitals

Question 1

Pragmatics involves?

Answer 1

Using a language to achieve a goal and infer the purpose of a speaker’s utterance

Question 2

3 speech force acts

Answer 2

locutionary: literal meaning
illocutionary: what speaker is trying to achieve
perlocutionary: effect it has on listener

Question 3

Direct Speech acts

Answer 3

Straightforward (intention revealed in words

Question 4

Indirect Speech acts

Answer 4

Requires interpretation by listener, indirect with increasing politeness

Question 5

2 structures of conversation?

Answer 5

discourse analysis

conversation analysis

Question 6

Discourse analysis?

Answer 6

Linguistic method, aims to discover basic units of discourse and rules that govern them

• need situational context and word knowledge
• cohesion

Question 7

Cohesion in discourse

Answer 7

pronouns
substitution
demonstratives
ellipsis
lexical

Question 8

Series of behaviour in conversation?

Answer 8

gaze, hand gestures, filled pauses, intonational contour, s and s structure

Question 9

audience design?

Answer 9

speakers collaborate with listener to ensure utterances are understood

Question 10

alignment?

Answer 10

trying to make conversation match for both listener and speaker

Question 11

ambiguity reduction?

Answer 11

speakers monitor speech and nearly always avoid non-linguistic ambiguity

Question 12

Conversation analysis

Answer 12

empirical method
turn taking
back-channel communication (non-lexical, phrasal, substantive)

Question 13

Grice’s conversational maxisms?

Answer 13

maxim of quality: do not lie
maxim of manner: be brief and orderly (avoid ambiguity)
maxim of quantity: say no more and no less than the discourse requires
maxim of relevance: confine yourself only to what is relevant

Question 14

Positive and negative face?

Answer 14

The wish to be approved

The wish to be unimpeded

Question 15

politeness is governed by?

Answer 15

power relationships, social distances, degree of composition between individuals

Question 16

examples of politeness?

Answer 16

notice/attend to person
exaggerate/interest, sympathy
avoid disagreement
joke
be pessimistic
minimise imposition
apologise

Question 17

most used punctuation mark?

Answer 17

comma (has the widest range of uses)

Question 18

What year do we stop learning about capitals?

Answer 18

year 2

Question 19

Progression of capital use in children?

Answer 19

children start off using mostly uppercase letters then eventually reserve capitals for their correct places

Question 20

capitalisation errors (lunsford 2008, wilcox 2014)

Answer 20

5.2% of total errors

8% of total errors