Week Four: Endocrine, Eye & Ear

Question 1

Canine Hypoadrenocorticism

Answer 1

Adrenal destruction or slow onset of cortical atrophy, lack of glucocorticoids and mineralacorticoids
Treatment: give oxygen, add fluids (NaCl 0.9%)

Question 2

What are some replacement therapies for canine hypoadrenocorticism?

Answer 2

Percorten-V, Fludrocortisone, Prednisone

Question 3

Canine Hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 3

condition that results from the chronic overproduction of too much glucocorticoid in the body

Question 4

What are some treatments for canine hyperadrenocorticism?

Answer 4

Lysodren (destructs adrenal cortex) and Vetoryl

Question 5

HYpocalcemia

Answer 5

Clinical characteristics: Bradycardia, twitching, ataxia, tetany, seizure
Seen in moms needing to produce too much milk causing decrease of calcium, may cause high body temperature

Question 6

What are some calcium replacement therapies?

Answer 6

IV therapy: Give 10% Ca Gluconate VERY slowly
Dose range: 0.5-1.5 mL/kg in 10-15 minutes
Given to effect, piggy back with IV fluids like LRS
Continue with oral calcium and Vitamin D

Question 7

Pars Intermedia Dysfunction (PPID)

Answer 7

Equine Cushing’s Disease
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the intermediate portion of pituitary that releases several active hormones including ACTH
Usually seen in equidae >15 yr
Long, curly coat with excess shedding, weight loss with loss of epaxial musculature, PUPD, hyperhidrosis (sweating) possible, laminitis/founder

Question 8

Ferret Adrenal Disorders

Answer 8

Hair loss or hair thinning - at the base of the tail, on his feet, on his belly, in an obvious pattern, or in a patchy appearance

Question 9

Treatments for ferret adrenal disorders

Answer 9

Lupron Depot Injections, melatonin implants

Question 10

Pancreatic insulinomas

Answer 10

Too much insulin in the body (opposite of diabetes mellitus)
Weak, trembling dogs, may pass out/seizure
Poor prognosis

Question 11

Treatments for pancreatic insulinomas

Answer 11

Glucagen

Question 12

Diabetic hyperosmolar coma

Answer 12

Blood glucose => 500 mg/dL (sludge blood)
CNS disorder, shrinks brain, breath smells like finger nail polish remover
**Rehydrate very slowly, may start seizuring
Monitor potassium and glucose

Question 13

Treatments for diabetic hyperosmolar coma

Answer 13

◾intravenous fluids to prevent or reverse dehydration.
◾insulin to lower and stabilize blood sugar levels.
◾if necessary, potassium, phosphate, or sodium replacement can help return your cells to normal function

Question 14

Entropion

Answer 14

Inward roll of eyelids towards the cornea

Question 15

Ectropion

Answer 15

Outward roll of the eyelids

Question 16

Distichiasis

Answer 16

Double row of eyelashes that make contact with the cornea

Question 17

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)

Answer 17

Dry eye

Lack of sufficient lacrimation to maintain pre-corneal tear film

Question 18

Treatment for KCS

Answer 18

Atopica (anti inflammatory, fake tears), cyclosporine and tacrolimus

Question 19

Epiphora

Answer 19

Tearing or tears down the face
oversized globes
Plugged or mispositioned tear ducts puncta, rhinitis or foreign bodies in nasolacrimal system

Question 20

Treatment for epiphora

Answer 20

Lacrimal duct flushing to make sure duct is not plugged

Question 21

Cherry eye

Answer 21

Genetic, misplacement and eversion of nictitating membranes and glandular tissues

Question 22

Treatment for cherry eye

Answer 22

Surgical tackdown to restore anatomy
Perioperative nursing consists of antibiotics, artificial tears, hot packing, and client education
DO NOT CUT OUT

Question 23

Corneal ulcer/perforation

Answer 23

an erosion or open sore in the outer layer of the cornea

Question 24

Treatment for corneal ulcer/perforation

Answer 24

sutures, conjunctival grafts, conjunctival flaps, the insertion of soft contact lenses, or even a corneal transplant
Topical corticosteroids and anesthetics should also be avoided

Question 25

Glaucoma

Answer 25

condition of increased pressure within the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight

Question 26

Retinal dysplasia and atrophy

Answer 26

characterized by the bilateral degeneration of the retina, causing progressive vision loss culminating in blindness

Question 27

Treatments for otitis externa

Answer 27

◾antibiotic ear drops – this can treat an underlying bacterial infection.
◾corticosteroid ear drops – this can help reduce swelling.
◾antifungal ear drops – this can treat an underlying fungal infection.
◾acidic ear drops – this can help kill bacteria.

Question 28

What’s the difference between otitis externa and otitis media?

Answer 28

Externa is the outer ear and media is the middle ear

Question 29

Malassezia pachydermatitis

Answer 29

Normal flora until abnormal growth
Lipid loving, inhibited by lower pH levels
common yeast organism that is found on normal and abnormal canine skin and ears

Question 30

What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and insipidus

Answer 30

Mellitus: blood sugar (glucose) levels are abnormally high because the body does not produce enough insulin to meet its needs
Insipidus: which the kidneys are unable to conserve water