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Mari 112 Exam > Week 9: Vertebrates > Flashcards

Week 9: Vertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Challenges of recolonising the marine environment

A
  1. Respiration
  2. Locomotion
  3. Thermoregulation
  4. Osmoregulation
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2
Q

The challenge of Respiration

A

Air breathing vertebrates need access to air

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3
Q

The challenge of Locomotion

A

Water is dense and viscous

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4
Q

The challenge of thermoregulation

A

Water is an excellent conductor of heat

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5
Q

The challenge of osmoregulation

A

Sea water is a hypertonic environment

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6
Q

What is a reptile?

A
  1. Amniote (tetrapod with an amnios - embryonic membrane)
  2. Skin covered with scales
  3. Ectothermic
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7
Q

3 orders of reptiles

A
  1. Testudines (turtles/tortoises, 400 sp., 7sp. marine)
  2. Squamata (Lizards and snakes, 9600 sp., 62 sp. marine)
  3. Crocodilia (crocodiles and alligators, 23 sp., 2sp. marine)
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8
Q

Turtle anatomy

A
  1. Carapace and plastron are modified skelton overlain by scales
  2. Fore flippers adapted for swimming
  3. Rear flippers for digging
  4. Modified lachrymal gland for osmoregulation
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9
Q

Turtle biology

A
  1. Tropical/sub-tropical distribution
  2. Most are omnivourous; green turtles are herbivorous as adults, leatherbacks eat only jellyfish
  3. Late maturity and long lived, breed every 1-3 years
  4. Breeding beaches in tropics, females return to natal beaches to lay eggs
  5. Hatchlings emerge at night, strongly phototactic, orientate perpendicular to swell direction
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10
Q

Leatherback turtle distribution

A
  1. From arctic to tip of south america
  2. Widest latitudinal range of any reptile species
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11
Q

Leatherback turtles can maintain body temperature 18 degrees above ambient by

A
  1. High activity rate (muscle derived heat)
  2. Gigantothermy (up to 700kg)
  3. Insulation through adipose tissue
  4. Counter current heat exchange in flippers
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12
Q

Leatherback turtles can dive to 1000m for up to 70 minutes by

A
  1. High oxygen binding
  2. Slowed heart rate (bradycardia)
  3. Collapsible lungs
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13
Q

Threats to sea turtle conservation

A
  1. Bycatch (500,000 per annum)
  2. Beach development, light
  3. Harvesting meat and eggs (35,000 killed per annum in mexico)
  4. Climate change, loss of coral reef habitats, temperature effect on sex determination
    5, Pollution (particularly oil spills)
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14
Q

6 Marine iguana characteristics

A
  1. 6 sub species on different galapagos islands.
  2. Up to 1.7m, 1.5 kg
  3. Diet of marine algae
  4. Laterally flattened tail, spiny dorsal ridge
  5. Nasal salt gland
  6. Dive time limited by cold water, bradycardia to slow cooling, bask to warm up
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15
Q

Marine Iguana shrinking facts

A
  1. Reduction in length by up to 20% in 2 years
  2. Coincided with low food availability during el nino years
  3. Large iguanas shrink more
  4. Individuals which shrink more live longer
  5. Shrinkage of cartilage only causes 10%
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16
Q

2 Sub species of sea snake

A
  1. Hydrophiinae (true sea snakes, 57 species, fully marine, viviparous)
  2. Laticaudinae (Sea kraits, 5 species, semi terrestrial, oviparous)
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17
Q

5 Marine adaptations in sea snakes

A
  1. Laterally flattened
  2. Valvular nostrils to seal out water
  3. Excrete slat from modified salivary gland (sub-lingual gland)
  4. Modified lung for air storage, plus cutaneous respiration
  5. Skin shed (ecdysis) every 2-6 weeks
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18
Q

6 Sea snakes feeding and defence mechanisms

A
  1. Nook and cranny feeders (fish, inverts, fish eggs)
  2. Kinetic skull
  3. Well developed vision and olfaction
  4. Many species highly venemous
  5. Warning coloration
  6. Disruptive coloration
  7. Photoreceptos in tail
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19
Q

Sea snale conservation threats

A
  1. Bycatch
  2. Habitat loss
  3. Climate change
  4. Harvesting
20
Q

5 Marine crocodilia characteristics

A
  1. Largest living reptiles, 7m, 2000 kg
  2. Semi-aquatic
  3. Genralist diet, inverts, fish, turtles, mammals
  4. Highest bite force ever recorded
  5. Euryhaline (can tolerate large range of salinity)
21
Q

Out of the 4 reptile orders how many have marine representatives

A

3

22
Q

Order most well adapted for life in marine environment

A

Sea snakes (most species)

23
Q

Marine reptiles are ectothermic and hence

A

Are confined to warm water

24
Q

Marine reptiles solve osmoregulation challenges via

A

Non homologous extra renal salt glands

25
Q

What is a bird

A
  1. Amniotes, birds lay hard shelled eggs
  2. Feathered
  3. Beak with no teeth
  4. Endothermic
26
Q

A bird can be classified as a seabird if

A

It feeds in saltwater

27
Q

Approximately how many seabird species

A

360

28
Q

4 orders of sea birds

A
  1. Charadriiformes
    (gulls, terns, skuas, auks, skimmers. 155 sp.)
  2. Pelecaniformes (pelicans, gannets, shags, frigatebirds. 60 sp.)
  3. Sphenisciformes (penguins. 20 sp.)
  4. Procellariiformes (albatrosses, petrels, shearwaters. 125 sp.)
29
Q

5 Seabird adaptations to the marine environment

A
  1. Nasal salt glands
  2. Plumage - dense and waterproof (except shags and cormorants)
  3. Enhanced olfaction
  4. Webbed feet, hydronamic wings - locomotion
  5. Coloration&raquo_space; countershading
30
Q

Seabird syndrome

A

A combination of ecological, morphological and behavioural attributes

31
Q

The attributes to seabird syndrome

A
  1. Long life, large size, drab plumage, sexually monomorphic
  2. Deffered breeding, small clutch size, extended chick rearing
  3. Colonial breeding
32
Q

Do sea birds or terrestrial birds (passerines) take longer in every aspect in their life

A

Seabirds (also smaller clutch size)

33
Q

Why seabird syndrome

A
  1. Release from predation pressure
  2. Energy limitation hypothesis
34
Q

Energy limitation hypothesis

A
  1. Seabirds travel long distances to patchy food resources
  2. Large size favours long distance travel
  3. Food limitation favours small clutch size and slow growth
  4. Pair bonding favoured over male displays
35
Q

What does coloniality involve

A
  1. Nests, cliffs or burrows in one massive colony
  2. Over 95% seabird species are colonial
36
Q

Coloniality advantages

A
  1. Limited space
  2. Reduced predation risk (communal defence, vigilance)
  3. Information centre hypothesis
  4. Group foraging
37
Q

Coloniality disadvantages

A
  1. Competition for space and food
  2. Disease/parasite transmission
  3. Colony more conspicuous
  4. Inter-specific aggression
  5. Constrains dispersal of species
38
Q

Monitorin seabirds at sea - transect counts 5 challenges

A
  1. Visibility/missing cryptic species (negative bias)
  2. Species attracted to the boat (positive bias)
  3. Species missed due to avoidance of boats/diving
  4. Species missed due observer failure/fatigue
  5. Species migratory/seasonal
39
Q

5 Characteristics of extreme sea birds (albatross)

A
  1. 3m wing span, 9kg
  2. Supremely efficient flight
  3. Breed at 8 years, live for 60 yrs
  4. Single egg incubated for 80 days
  5. Fledge at 240 days
40
Q

What gives albatross supremely efficient flight

A
  1. 1000 km a day
  2. High glide ratio, 23:1
  3. Dynamic soaring, slope soaring
  4. Locking tendon in shoulder
41
Q

3 Characteristics of extreme seabirds (emperor penguin)

A
  1. 115cm, 30kg
  2. Breeds in coldest environment on earth, air temp -60 degrees, water temp -2 degrees, body temp 39 degrees.
  3. Deepest diving bird, 564m, 27 mins
42
Q

How do emperor penguins breed in the coldest environment in the world

A
  1. Low surface area:volume
  2. Dense feathers; sub-dermal fat
  3. Extreme counter-current heat exchange
  4. Behavioural adaptations
  5. Fasting; preferential fat metabolism
43
Q

What allows penguins to dive to 564m deep in 27 mins

A
  1. Bradycardua
  2. Cardiac shunts
  3. Anaerobic respiration
44
Q

5 Threats to seabirds of navigating the anthropocene

A
  1. Habitat destruction and degredation
  2. Introduced predators
  3. Pollution
  4. Climate change
  5. Fisheries bycatch
45
Q

How many birds are killed by gillnets every year

A

At least 400,000

46
Q
A

Mari 112 Exam (10 decks)

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