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Mari 112 Exam > Week 11: Marine resources > Flashcards

Week 11: Marine resources Flashcards

1
Q

5 Artisanal fisheries characteristics

A
  1. Focused on target species
  2. Little by-catch
  3. Few steps from fiher to consumer
  4. Little waste
  5. Managed locally, few central controls
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2
Q

5 Recreational fisheries charcteristics

A
  1. Local
  2. Low by-catch
  3. Managed by size limits and take
  4. Increasing take
  5. Low waste, direct return
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3
Q

5 Industrial fisheries characteristics

A
  1. Large scale
  2. High by-catch
  3. High waste
  4. High transport costs
  5. Centrally managed
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4
Q

How has industrial fishing been further industrialised over time

A
  1. Refridgeration
  2. Exclusive economic fishing zones
  3. GPS location
  4. Trawling and netting methods
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5
Q

Small scale fisheries employ

A

More people, cost less, use less fuel, and have less impact on the environment

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6
Q

5 Methods of fishing

A
  1. Rod
  2. Trawling
  3. Netting
  4. Spear diving
  5. Potting (shellfish)
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7
Q

There is a global slowdown in _____ fisheries

A

Marine capture

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8
Q

Marine fish stocks are

A

Declining

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9
Q

Due to depletion in fish stocks, fishermen are having to

A

Fish deeper

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10
Q

3 primary impacts of fishing

A
  1. Population effects
  2. Ecosystem effects
  3. Human impacts
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11
Q

How does fishing have an effect on population

A

Populations collapse and loss of large individuals

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12
Q

How does fishing have an effect on ecosystem

A
  1. Fishing down the food web 2. Loss of large predators
  2. Habitat destruction
  3. Bycatch
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13
Q

How does fishing have an effect on human impacts

A

Subsistence and Economic value

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14
Q

BOFFFF

A

Big old fat fertile female fish

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15
Q

BOFFFF are important for

A

Maintaining a large population of fish

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16
Q

Removing a fish species results in a term known

A

Fishing down the food web

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17
Q

Habitat modification from fishing pattern

A

Damage via fishing gear to habitat = Reductions in stock due to habitat loss = Reduced harvest

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18
Q

Bycatch means

A

Non targeted organisms

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19
Q

Discards mean

A

Animals that are thrown back into the sea

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20
Q

Unused or unmanaged species account for

A

38.5 million tonnes or 40.4% of estimated total marine catch

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21
Q

Mariculture means

A

Cultivation of species in open ocean or enclosed areas of the ocean

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22
Q

Ocean ranching means

A

Juveniles reared in hatcheries and released into the ocean without further intervention

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23
Q

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) means

A

System in which different trophic levels are farmed together so wastes of one species = food of the other

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24
Q

Feed conversion ratio (FCR) means

A

Ratio of inputs (ie feed) to outputs (food grown). Measure of efficiency

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25
Q

Water based systems in aquaculture

A
  1. Freshwater and saltwater (Mariculture / Ocean ranching)
  2. Cages, pens, ropes, floats
  3. Can be offshore/inshore
  4. Species include seaweeds, invertebrates (e.g oysters) and vertebrates (e.g salmon)
26
Q

Land based water systems in aquaculture

A
  1. Freshwater and saltwater
  2. Ponds, tanks, raceways
  3. Re-circulating or flow through
  4. Species include vertebrates (e.g trout, paua)
27
Q

Integrated systems in aquaculture

A
  1. Agriculture-Aguaculture systems
  2. Integrated Multi-trophic Aquaculture
  3. By-product of one system becomes input (food) of the other
28
Q

Marine aquaculture is dominated by

A

Low trophic levels

29
Q

Marine aquaculture by volume

A

Fish = 9%
Molluscs and Crustaceans = 43%
Seaweeds = 46%

30
Q

Which country has the largest aquaculture production

A

China

31
Q

How can aquaculture solve the global requirements for food

A
  1. Abundance (Global production = 130.9 m t per annum)
  2. Worth $281.5 b USD
  3. 40% of seafood eaten worldwide
  4. May provide 60% of global protein in 50 years
  5. Approx 90% comes from Asia
  6. > 300 species excluding seaweed
32
Q

Farmed animal with the largest feed conversion rate

A

Cow with 6-10:1 (unideal)

33
Q

Farmed animal with the lowest feed conversion rate

A

Carp with 0:1 (very ideal)

34
Q

Restoration potential means

A
  1. Restoration of depleted or endangered species
  2. Restoration of habitat
35
Q

Restoration of habitat will result in

A
  1. Reduced preesure on wild stocks
  2. Increased catch and improving fishing opportunities
36
Q

Fundamental issue for sustainability in aquaculture

A

Bacteria and predation

37
Q

Issue with farmed marine organisms in aquaculture

A
  1. Creatures attached to surfaces (oysters) have to eat whatever floats by
  2. Mobile fish require protein and oils
38
Q

What is required for omega-3-rich farmed fish

A

Fish oil from fish meal

39
Q

Aquaculture expansion is limited by dependence on

A

Fish oil and fish meal

40
Q

Issues for overstocked farms in shallow water with poor water flow

A

Nutrient pollution and contaminants

41
Q

Nutrient pollution, organic matter and suspended solids enriches

A

Discharge

42
Q

Eutrophication equals

A

Increase in nutrient availability

43
Q

Contaminents in aquaculture include

A
  1. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
  2. Antibiotics (veterinary drug residue)
44
Q

Farmed species can ______ contaminants

A

Bio-accumulate

45
Q

Habitat modification can be defined as

A

Physical alteration from infrastructure installation

46
Q

Types of habitat modification

A
  1. Localised organic enrichment of the seabed
  2. Biofouling (accumulation of organisms)
  3. Seabed shading
  4. Entanglement
  5. Noise disturbance
47
Q

Habitat modification has the potential to

A

Facilitate establishment and spread pests and diseases

48
Q

Advantages of enclosed/recirculating systems over Flow through systems

A
  1. Use less water
  2. Can regulate enviromental parameters
  3. Prevents escape
  4. Aerated settling tanks or (bio)filters minimise nutrient discharge
  5. Requires high initial investment (disadvantage)
49
Q

Integrated (multi-trophic) aquaculture involves

A
  1. Two + species belonging to different trophic levels in the same system
  2. Waste of one species converted to products with an economic value
50
Q

Adverse environmental impacts of farming high trophic level species balanced by

A

Low trophic level species

51
Q

Improvements to feed formulations for feed management to reduce

A

FO, FM, N and P, and meet the nutritional needs of aquaculture species

52
Q

Substitution of natural food i.e plankton to

A

Supplement artificial diets

53
Q

What determines the species selection that focus on lower trophic levels in aquaculture

A
  1. Food
  2. High value gels
  3. Medicinal values
  4. Cleans the water
54
Q

Site selection and design is determined by

A
  1. Placement (well flushed, deep productive sites, away from migratory animals)
  2. Orientation to prevailing current directions
  3. Stock density of farms
  4. Cage design and orientation
55
Q

Aquaculture in New Zealand dominated by

A

Mussels, salmon and oysters

56
Q

Aquaculture needs clean water so

A

Self preservation can retain the health of marine populations

57
Q

Wild capture fisheries cannot sustain demand for

A

Protein

58
Q

The solution for a demand for protein is to turn to

A

Aquaculture

59
Q

Aquaculture has a number of risks and challenges including

A

Feed, Escapees, Pollution, Habitat modification

60
Q

Ways to manage the risks and challenges created by aquaculture

A
  1. Recirculting/integrated systems
  2. Feed management
  3. Focusing on the right species
  4. Being sensible

Mari 112 Exam (10 decks)

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