Week 6: Invertebrates 2

Question 1

How many marine animal phyla are there

Answer 1

33

Question 2

What percentage of marine species are marine invertebrates

Answer 2

90%

Question 3

The 10 major Marine Phyla are dominated by

Answer 3

Crustaceans and molluscs

Question 4

Reasons for low marine biodiversity

Answer 4

1. Populations well connected
2. Marine species have larger geographic ranges
3. Few barriers to reproduction
4. Life cycles include dispersive phases (ie larval stages)

Question 5

Biologically importnat properties of water and air

Answer 5

1. Humidity
2. Density
3. Compressibility
4. Specific heat
5. Oxygen solubility
6. Viscosity
7. Rate of oxygen diffusion
8. Nutrient contetn
9. Light-extinction coefficient

Question 6

Key biological processes in the ocean

Answer 6

1. Feeding (suspension and detritus)
2. Movement
3. Reproductive strategies
4. Gas exchange
5. Soft bodies and body composition
6. Excretion

Question 7

Three primary feeding methods for invertebrates

Answer 7

Sedentary, Suspension, Detrital

Question 8

Food for marine invertebrates

Answer 8

1. DOM
2. POM
3. Plankton (pelagic)
4. Nekton (pelagic)
5. Pelagic Detritus
6. Benthic Food (deposits and detritus, plants, animals)

Question 9

How do suspension feeders feed

Answer 9

Concentrate and remove particles (Plankton, bacteria) in the water column, either through trapping or filtering water

Question 10

How do deposit feeders feed

Answer 10

Obtain nutrients from sediment in soft bottom habitats

Question 11

Direct deposit feeders

Answer 11

Swallow large quantities of sediment (lugworms)

Question 12

Selective deposit feeders

Answer 12

Use tentacles to consume the sediment (sea cucumbers, clams)

Question 13

Specialized feeding structures in selective deposit feeders

Answer 13

Lobes, Tentacles, Proboscis

Question 14

Reynolds number equation

Answer 14

RE = length x velocity x density (form drag) / viscosity (frictional drag)

Question 15

Viscosity allows many animals

Answer 15

1. To live suspended off the seafloor
2. Allows small animals to generate movement
3. Reduces movement in small zooplankton to darting movement

Question 16

Most macroinvertebrates deal with high viscosity by

Answer 16

Being slow moving or sedentary with little streamlining (exceptions for cephlapods)

Question 17

Marine creatures overcome viscosity by

Answer 17

1. Expending energy
2. Asymmetric feeding pattern and small scale eddies
3. Increasing Reynolds numbers at the filter structure by speed

Question 18

A low reynolds number process

Answer 18

Feeding on small particles

Question 19

A high reynolds number process

Answer 19

Ambush feeding

Question 20

Speed can help overcome

Answer 20

Viscosity

Question 21

Marine invertebrates conduct respiration and gas exchange through

Answer 21

Gill structures

Question 22

The major excretory product for all aquatic invertebrates

Answer 22

Ammonia

Question 23

Excretion of nitrogenous waste in marine invertebrates requires no _____ but lots of _____

Answer 23

Energy, Water

Question 24

Because invertebrate waste is highly ______ it readily diffuses through fluids and tissues and is lost across the body wall

Answer 24

Soluble

Question 25

Sponges, echinoderms, cnidarians have no known structures and excretion occurs across the

Answer 25

Body wall of skin/gut lining

Question 26

Exam Question List FIVE important physical differences between marine and terrestrial environments. For each difference, give one example of how it influences the biology of marine invertebrates.

Answer 26

:)

Question 27

Biological oceanography is the branch of environmental science whose goal is to

Answer 27

Predict what kind of organisms will be found in what abundances where and when within the sea

Question 28

The general approach of biological oceanography is to

Answer 28

Identify patterns of organism distribution in space and time and to identify and quantify the processes that contribute to this distribution

Question 29

Ocean gyres are

Answer 29

Large systems of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces from earths rotation

Question 30

Rings occur where

Answer 30

In western boundary currents (WBCs, e.g gulf stream)

Question 31

Rings are a form of

Answer 31

Eddy

Question 32

One rotation of an eddy lasts _____ and the horizontal scale between _____

Answer 32

10-30 days, 10-100km

Question 33

Rings exist for about _____ and have horizontal scale between _____

Answer 33

A year, 10-100km

Question 34

In the northern hemisphere cyclones are

Answer 34

Counterclockwise, cold-core, nutrient rich water center, have a rightward pinch of water

Question 35

In the northern hemisphere anticyclones are

Answer 35

Clockwise, warm-core, Nutrient poor water center, have a leftward pinch of water

Question 36

As a cyclonic cold core eddy moves counter clockwise, the water is

Answer 36

Pushed away from the centre of the core, causing a core depression and more, colder water is able to move into that space

Question 37

The center of a cyclonic cold core eddy is likely

Answer 37

Cooler and lower in heigh than outer lying waters

Question 38

As an anticyclonic warm eddy moves clockwise, the water is

Answer 38

Pushed into the centre of the core and pools surface warm water casuing an uplift of the core

Question 39

Because anticyclonic warm core eddys have water being pulled into the core, the ring gets supplied with

Answer 39

Water surrounding it (i.e slope water which increases productivity)

Question 40

Cyclone eddies are known to enhance

Answer 40

Nutrient inputs to the surface ocean, increasing new production

Question 41

Anticyclonic eddies accumulate

Answer 41

Organic matter within their cores

Question 42

Meanders and rings in WBCs transport nutrients and plankton which lead to

Answer 42

Enhanced levels of biological activity

Question 43

Rings contain discrete parcels of

Answer 43

Plankton and larval organisms and the chemical constituents of the water masses from where they originated

Question 44

Because eddies effectively mix the water clumn both vertically and horizontally, they

Answer 44

1. Affect nutrient distribution 2. Regulate primary production 3. Induce new production 4. Stimulate secondary production

Question 45

Cold core rings, counter clockwise rotation leads to

Answer 45

Upwelling in the center

Question 46

Warm core rings, clockwise rotation leads to

Answer 46

Downwelling at the center, so isotherms and nutriclines are depressed

Question 47

Cyclonic eddies increase primary production by

Answer 47

Upwelling nutrients in their interior

Question 48

Anticyclonic eddies aggregate organisms which

Answer 48

Attract consumers

Question 49

Cyclonic activity owes to the patchiness in marine resources and is of great importance to

Answer 49

Marine predators

Question 50

Mesoscale eddies serve as centres of

Answer 50

Biological production

Question 51

_____ are smaller and have a shorter lifetime than _____

Answer 51

Eddies, Rings

Question 52

Properties in the _____ change more rapidly than within the ____

Answer 52

Eddies, Rings

Question 53

Interactions between rings and western boundary currents create

Answer 53

Vertical trnasport of nutrients and plankton leading to enhanced levels of biological activity

Question 54

Cold core rings have high primary production where

Answer 54

Inside of them

Question 55

Warm core rings have high production where

Answer 55

Dispersed away from them