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Mari 112 Exam > Week 6: Invertebrates 2 > Flashcards

Week 6: Invertebrates 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How many marine animal phyla are there

A

33

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2
Q

What percentage of marine species are marine invertebrates

A

90%

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3
Q

The 10 major Marine Phyla are dominated by

A

Crustaceans and molluscs

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4
Q

Reasons for low marine biodiversity

A
  1. Populations well connected
  2. Marine species have larger geographic ranges
  3. Few barriers to reproduction
  4. Life cycles include dispersive phases (ie larval stages)
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5
Q

Biologically importnat properties of water and air

A
  1. Humidity
  2. Density
  3. Compressibility
  4. Specific heat
  5. Oxygen solubility
  6. Viscosity
  7. Rate of oxygen diffusion
  8. Nutrient contetn
  9. Light-extinction coefficient
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6
Q

Key biological processes in the ocean

A
  1. Feeding (suspension and detritus)
  2. Movement
  3. Reproductive strategies
  4. Gas exchange
  5. Soft bodies and body composition
  6. Excretion
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7
Q

Three primary feeding methods for invertebrates

A

Sedentary, Suspension, Detrital

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8
Q

Food for marine invertebrates

A
  1. DOM
  2. POM
  3. Plankton (pelagic)
  4. Nekton (pelagic)
  5. Pelagic Detritus
  6. Benthic Food (deposits and detritus, plants, animals)
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9
Q

How do suspension feeders feed

A

Concentrate and remove particles (Plankton, bacteria) in the water column, either through trapping or filtering water

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10
Q

How do deposit feeders feed

A

Obtain nutrients from sediment in soft bottom habitats

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11
Q

Direct deposit feeders

A

Swallow large quantities of sediment (lugworms)

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12
Q

Selective deposit feeders

A

Use tentacles to consume the sediment (sea cucumbers, clams)

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13
Q

Specialized feeding structures in selective deposit feeders

A

Lobes, Tentacles, Proboscis

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14
Q

Reynolds number equation

A

RE = length x velocity x density (form drag) / viscosity (frictional drag)

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15
Q

Viscosity allows many animals

A
  1. To live suspended off the seafloor
  2. Allows small animals to generate movement
  3. Reduces movement in small zooplankton to darting movement
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16
Q

Most macroinvertebrates deal with high viscosity by

A

Being slow moving or sedentary with little streamlining (exceptions for cephlapods)

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17
Q

Marine creatures overcome viscosity by

A
  1. Expending energy
  2. Asymmetric feeding pattern and small scale eddies
  3. Increasing Reynolds numbers at the filter structure by speed
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18
Q

A low reynolds number process

A

Feeding on small particles

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19
Q

A high reynolds number process

A

Ambush feeding

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20
Q

Speed can help overcome

A

Viscosity

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21
Q

Marine invertebrates conduct respiration and gas exchange through

A

Gill structures

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22
Q

The major excretory product for all aquatic invertebrates

A

Ammonia

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23
Q

Excretion of nitrogenous waste in marine invertebrates requires no _____ but lots of _____

A

Energy, Water

24
Q

Because invertebrate waste is highly ______ it readily diffuses through fluids and tissues and is lost across the body wall

A

Soluble

25
Q

Sponges, echinoderms, cnidarians have no known structures and excretion occurs across the

A

Body wall of skin/gut lining

26
Q

Exam Question
List FIVE important physical differences between marine and
terrestrial environments. For each difference, give one example of
how it influences the biology of marine invertebrates.

A

:)

27
Q

Biological oceanography is the branch of environmental science whose goal is to

A

Predict what kind of organisms will be found in what abundances where and when within the sea

28
Q

The general approach of biological oceanography is to

A

Identify patterns of organism distribution in space and time and to identify and quantify the processes that contribute to this distribution

29
Q

Ocean gyres are

A

Large systems of circular ocean currents formed by global wind patterns and forces from earths rotation

30
Q

Rings occur where

A

In western boundary currents (WBCs, e.g gulf stream)

31
Q

Rings are a form of

A

Eddy

32
Q

One rotation of an eddy lasts _____ and the horizontal scale between _____

A

10-30 days, 10-100km

33
Q

Rings exist for about _____
and have horizontal scale between _____

A

A year, 10-100km

34
Q

In the northern hemisphere cyclones are

A

Counterclockwise, cold-core, nutrient rich water center, have a rightward pinch of water

35
Q

In the northern hemisphere anticyclones are

A

Clockwise, warm-core, Nutrient poor water center, have a leftward pinch of water

36
Q

As a cyclonic cold core eddy moves counter clockwise, the water is

A

Pushed away from the centre of the core, causing a core depression and more, colder water is able to move into that space

37
Q

The center of a cyclonic cold core eddy is likely

A

Cooler and lower in heigh than outer lying waters

38
Q

As an anticyclonic warm eddy moves clockwise, the water is

A

Pushed into the centre of the core and pools surface warm water casuing an uplift of the core

39
Q

Because anticyclonic warm core eddys have water being pulled into the core, the ring gets supplied with

A

Water surrounding it (i.e slope water which increases productivity)

40
Q

Cyclone eddies are known to enhance

A

Nutrient inputs to the surface ocean, increasing new production

41
Q

Anticyclonic eddies accumulate

A

Organic matter within their cores

42
Q

Meanders and rings in WBCs transport nutrients and plankton which lead to

A

Enhanced levels of biological activity

43
Q

Rings contain discrete parcels of

A

Plankton and larval organisms and the chemical constituents of the water masses from where they originated

44
Q

Because eddies effectively mix the water clumn both vertically and horizontally, they

A
  1. Affect nutrient distribution
  2. Regulate primary production
  3. Induce new production
  4. Stimulate secondary production
45
Q

Cold core rings, counter clockwise rotation leads to

A

Upwelling in the center

46
Q

Warm core rings, clockwise rotation leads to

A

Downwelling at the center, so isotherms and nutriclines are depressed

47
Q

Cyclonic eddies increase primary production by

A

Upwelling nutrients in their interior

48
Q

Anticyclonic eddies aggregate organisms which

A

Attract consumers

49
Q

Cyclonic activity owes to the patchiness in marine resources and is of great importance to

A

Marine predators

50
Q

Mesoscale eddies serve as centres of

A

Biological production

51
Q

_____ are smaller and have a shorter lifetime than _____

A

Eddies, Rings

52
Q

Properties in the _____ change more rapidly than within the ____

A

Eddies, Rings

53
Q

Interactions between rings and western boundary currents create

A

Vertical trnasport of nutrients and plankton leading to enhanced levels of biological activity

54
Q

Cold core rings have high primary production where

A

Inside of them

55
Q

Warm core rings have high production where

A

Dispersed away from them

Mari 112 Exam (10 decks)

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