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Mari 112 Exam > Week 8: Fish > Flashcards

Week 8: Fish Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution of vertebrates (Chordates) primary devlopments were

A
  1. Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
  2. Notocord
  3. Pharyngeal pouches (to be gills)
  4. Tail
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2
Q

3 sub phyla of vertebrate

A
  1. Urochordata (Tunicates, larvaceans and salps)
  2. Cephalochordata (amphioxus)
  3. Vertebrata (animals)
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3
Q

7 Agnatha characteristics

A
  1. Ectothermic
  2. Benthic predators, parasites and scavengers
  3. Cartilage skeleton
  4. No jaws or paired fins
  5. Chemo sensing palps
  6. Notochord present at all stages
  7. Defence = slime
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4
Q

6 Chondrichthyes characteristics

A
  1. Cartilage skeleton
  2. Paired fins, paired nares, scales
  3. Sub class Holocephali
  4. Diverged from shark 400 mya
  5. 50 species
  6. Benthic preadators
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5
Q

Sub class of chondrichthyes

A

Elasmobranchii (sharks, skates, rays), have massive diversity in lifestyles between 700 species

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6
Q

6 Rays/skates characteristics

A
  1. Modified pectoral fins
  2. Dorso-ventrally flattened body
  3. Ventrally located gill slits (5 pairs) and mouth
  4. Large flattened teeth for feeding on molluscs and arthropods
  5. Long whip-like tails
  6. Sting rays - a spine at the base of tail with poison gland
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7
Q

4 Osteichthyes characteristics

A
  1. Approx 37,000 species
  2. Bony skeleton
  3. Strong and flexible
  4. Support and muscle attachment
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8
Q

2 sub phyla of osteichthyes

A
  1. Sarcopterygii - Lobe finned fish
  2. Actinopterygii - Ray finned fish
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9
Q

3 Sarcoptergii characteristics

A
  1. Primitive
  2. Coelacanth and lungfish
  3. Ancestors of tetrapods
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10
Q

2 Actinoptergii characteristics

A
  1. Flexible fin design
  2. Sturgeons, gars and teleosts
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11
Q

Order Teleostei accounts for what percentage of all living fish species

A

96%

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12
Q

5 Fish Adaptations to the marine environment

A
  1. Feeding strategies
  2. Movement and propulsion
  3. Position in the water column
  4. Osmoregulation
  5. Gas exchange
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13
Q

Primary indicator in fish of feeding strategies

A

Teeth and mouth.

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14
Q

What dense and viscous is water compared to air

A

Water 800x denser, 50x more viscous than air

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15
Q

Resisitence to movement =

A

Drag

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16
Q

What do fish adapt to resist drag

A
  1. Frontal area
  2. Body contour
  3. Surface texture (scales)
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17
Q

Propulsion generated by

A

Tail and fins

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18
Q

Drag proprtional to velocity ^2 means

A

The faster you go, the more drag is produced

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19
Q

Fast swimming fish require

A

Most streamlined body shape

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20
Q

Caudal fin =

A

Tail fin

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21
Q

Caudal peduncle =

A

The narrow part of a fishs body to which the caudal or tail fin is attached

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22
Q

Homocercal =

A

Symmetrical

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23
Q

Heterocercal =

A

Assymetrical

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24
Q

How do chondrichthyes keep their position in the water column

A
  1. Cartilage skeleton reduces density
  2. Pectoral fins generate lift
  3. Produce and store squalene
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25
Q

How do Osteichthyes keep their position in the water column

A
  1. Gas filled bladder for buoyancy
  2. Swim bladder evolved from primitive lung (lost in benthic sp.)
  3. Gas volume adjusted by gas gland and muscular contraction
26
Q

Fish adaptations to living in hypertonic environment

A

Osmoregulation

27
Q

Osmoregulation adaptations

A
  1. Kidneys produce very concentrated urine
  2. Active secretion of salts across gills
  3. Elasmobranchs reabsorb urea into blood, raising osmolarity
  4. This is accompanied by keeping urea in the bloodstream
28
Q

Fish exchange gas by

A

Diffusion through gill membranes (very high surface area take in dissolved O2 from water and release CO2)

29
Q

Fish have unidirectional water flow by

A

Ram ventilation or pumping

30
Q

Countercurrent flow is

A

The opposite movement of water against the flow of blood in the fishs gills

31
Q

What has allowed teleosts to become the most diverse and speciose of fish taxa

A

Flexible body design

32
Q

Density and viscosity of water present challenges for

A

Streamlining and buoyancy

33
Q

Efficient gas exchange achieved by

A

Counter current flow

34
Q

5 fish sensory systems

A
  1. Hearing
  2. Olfaction
  3. Lateral line
  4. Vision
  5. Taste
35
Q

Mechanoreception

A

A sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion

36
Q

2 major systems of mechanoreception

A

Lateral line and the inner ear -(acoustico-lateralis system)

37
Q

The mechano sensory transducers of sound for both lateral line and hearing systems

A

Hair cells

38
Q

How do fish hear

A

Through the swim bladder - compressed by sound waves

39
Q

Gas in the swim bladder has a _____ density than seawater and the fishs body

A

Lower

40
Q

How does the swim bladder obtain hearing information

A

The swim bladder changes in volume as sound waves pass, transmitting sound to the otoliths

41
Q

Why do animals rely on sound

A

To acoustically sense their surroundings, communicate, locate food and protect themselves underwater

42
Q

Lateral line system is a system of

A

Tactile sense organs

43
Q

Mechanoreceptors (neuromasts) form an

A

Interconnected network along the head and body

44
Q

Neuromasts can either

A
  1. Appear on the surface of the skin
  2. Lie embedded in the floor of mucus filled structures called lateral line canals
45
Q

Electroreception

A

The capacity to percieve weak electric fields

46
Q

How long ago did electroreception arise and in what phylum

A

Chondrichthyes

47
Q

Electroreception is important for

A
  1. Prey detection
  2. Predator avoidance
  3. Mate detection
  4. Geo-navigation
  5. Communication
48
Q

What do animals emit during osmoregulation

A

Low frequency electric fields, which can be detected by Ampullae

49
Q

Ampullae of Lorenzini

A

Special sensing organs called electroreceptors, where they can form a network of mucus-filled pores, mostly found in cartilaginous fish

50
Q

The concentration of ions within an animals body is lower than that of

A

Sea water

51
Q

Important system in larval fishes thats important for finding habitat and avoiding predators

A

Olfaction

52
Q

Fish use chemoreception to

A
  1. Identify predators, prey.
  2. To warn conspecifics/heterospecifics (chemical alarm cues)
53
Q

Fish eyes are similar to terrestrial vertebrates eyes, but have

A

More spherical lens

54
Q

Fish retinas generally have both

A

Rod cells and cone cells (for scotopic and phototopic vision), and most species have color vision

55
Q

Some fish can see

A

Ultraviolet

56
Q

Some fish are sensitive to

A

Polarised light

57
Q

Eye development in fish

A
  1. Blind upon hatch
  2. Pigmentation occurs a few days later with rods and cones rapidly developing
58
Q

Fish rely heavily on visual acuity to

A

Avoid predation, find food, find mates and select habitat

59
Q

Lateral line and neuromasts detect

A

Changes in water movement

60
Q

Transduction of electrical systems

A

Electroreception

61
Q

Olfaction important for

A

Finding mates, home and predators

Mari 112 Exam (10 decks)

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