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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Week 9 - The Basal Nuclei > Flashcards

Week 9 - The Basal Nuclei Flashcards

1
Q

The basal nuclei are masses of gray matter that lie within each _______ deep to the floor of the _______________.

a) peduncle; third ventricles
b) hemisphere; lateral ventricles
c) peduncle; lateral ventricles
d) hemisphere; third ventricles

A

b) hemisphere; lateral ventricles

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2
Q

True or False?

The basal nuclei include the caudate nucleus and red nucleus.

A

False.

The basal nuclei include the caudate nucleus and LENTIFORM nucleus.

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3
Q

True or False?

The lentiform nucleus consists of the putamen and globus pallidus.

A

True.

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4
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the basal nuclei?

a) subconscious control of skeletal muscle
b) coordination of learned movement patterns
c) conscious control of skeletal muscle
d) provide general pattern and rhythm

A

c) conscious control of skeletal muscle

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5
Q

True or False?

The basal nuclei do not initiate any particular movements.

A

True.

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6
Q

The basal nuclei alters motor commands issued by the cerebral cortex through a _______ ______.

A

feedback loop

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7
Q

Information arrives at the caudate nucleus and the putamen from sensory, motor and integrative areas of the ________ ________.

a) pre-motor area
b) cerebral cortex
c) pre-sensory area
d) cerebral peduncle

A

b) cerebral cortex

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8
Q

Where does processing take place (basal nuclei)?

a) putamen and globus pallidus
b) caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus
c) cerebral cortex
d) central sulcus

A

a) putamen and globus pallidus

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9
Q

Most of the output of the basal nuclei leaves the globus pallidus and synapses in the?

a) hypothalamus
b) thalamus
c) cerebral cortex
d) precentral gyrus

A

b) thalamus

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10
Q

Nuclei in the thalamus then project the information to the appropriate area of the?

a) hypothalamus
b) thalamus
c) cerebral cortex
d) precentral gyrus

A

c) cerebral cortex

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11
Q

Activity in the basal nuclei is inhibited by neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain which release _________.

a) serotonin
b) melatonin
c) endorphin
d) dopamine

A

d) dopamine

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12
Q

True or False?

If the substantia nigra is damaged they release less dopamine and the basal nuclei become less active.

A

False.

If the substantia nigra is damaged they release less dopamine and the basal nuclei become MORE active.

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13
Q

If the substantia nigra is damaged they release less dopamine and the basal nuclei become more active. The result is a gradual increase in muscle tone as seen in?

a) Parkinson’s disease
b) Multiple sclerosis
c) Huntington’s disease
d) Lou Gehrig’s disease

A

a) Parkinson’s disease

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14
Q

The central sulcus separates the Motor and sensory areas of the?

a) hypothalamus
b) thalamus
c) cerebral cortex
d) precentral gyrus

A

c) cerebral cortex

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15
Q

The precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe is the Anterior border of the?

a) lateral sulcus
b) central sulcus
c) insula
d) frontal lobe

A

b) central sulcus

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16
Q

The surface of the precentral gyrus is the?

a) primary sensory cortex
b) premotor cortex
c) central sulcus
d) primary motor cortex

A

d) primary motor cortex

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17
Q

True or False?
Neurons of the primary motor cortex direct voluntary movements by controlling somatic motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord.

A

True.

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18
Q

Cortical neurons are called pyramidal cells because of their?

a) cell component
b) DNA structure
c) cell body shape
d) cell function

A

c) cell body shape

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19
Q

The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe forms the posterior border of the?

a) primary sensory cortex
b) premotor cortex
c) central sulcus
d) primary motor cortex

A

c) central sulcus

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20
Q

The surface of the postcentral gyrus contains the

a) primary sensory cortex
b) premotor cortex
c) central sulcus
d) primary motor cortex

A

a) primary sensory cortex

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21
Q

Neurons in the primary sensory cortex receive general somatic sensory information from receptors of all of the following except?

a) touch
b) pressure
c) vibration
d) sound

A

d) sound

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22
Q

True or False?

You are aware of a sensation only when nuclei of the thalamus relay the information to the central sulcus.

A

False.

You are aware of a sensation only when nuclei of the thalamus relay the information to the primary sensory cortex.

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23
Q

The visual cortex of the occipital lobe receives?

a) sensory information
b) pressure information
c) visual information
d) sound information

A

c) visual information

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24
Q

The auditory cortex and olfactory cortex of the temporal lobe receive information about?

a) hearing and taste
b) hearing and smell
c) taste and smell
d) proprioception and hearing

A

b) hearing and smell

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25
Q

The gustatory cortex in the anterior portion of the insula receives information from taste receptors of the?

a) tongue and larynx
b) tongue and lips
c) tongue and pharynx
d) tongue and esophagus

A

c) tongue and pharynx

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26
Q

Association areas are regions of the cortex that interpret incoming data or coordinate ______ responses.

a) sensory
b) motor
c) pain
d) temperature

A

b) motor

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27
Q

Sensory association areas are cortical regions that monitor and interpret the information that arrives at the ______ areas of the cortex.

a) sensory
b) motor
c) pain
d) temperature

A

a) sensory

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28
Q

Sensory association areas include all of the following, except:

a) somatic sensory association area
b) visual association area
c) auditory association area
d) motor sensory association area

A

d) motor association area

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29
Q

The Somatic sensory association area monitors activity in the?

a) primary sensory cortex
b) premotor cortex
c) central sulcus
d) primary motor cortex

A

a) primary sensory cortex

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30
Q

True or False?

The somatic sensory association area can allow you to recognize a touch as light as a mosquito landing on you.

A

True.

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31
Q

The visual association area monitors the patterns of activity in the _______ cortex and interprets the results.

a) auditory
b) visual
c) sensory
d) pain

A

b) visual

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32
Q

Your visual cortex sees the letters C+A+R, but it is your ___________ area that allows you to recognize the symbols as letters and Interpret the meaning as CAR.

a) auditory association
b) somatic sensory association
c) visual association
d) somatic motor association

A

c) visual association

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33
Q

The Auditory association area monitors sensory activity in the _______ cortex.

a) auditory
b) visual
c) sensory
d) pain

A

a) auditory

34
Q

Word recognition takes place in the ____________ area.

a) auditory association
b) somatic sensory association
c) visual association
d) somatic motor association

A

a) auditory association

35
Q

The Premotor cortex, or Somatic Motor association area coordinates?

a) innate movements
b) learned movements
c) command motor responses
d) rhythmic responses

A

b) learned movements

36
Q

True or False?

Neurons of the primary cortex are not stimulated by neurons from other areas of the cerebrum.

A

False.

Neurons of the primary cortex ARE stimulated by neurons from other areas of the cerebrum.

37
Q

When you perform a voluntary movement, the premotor cortex relays the instructions to the

a) primary sensory cortex
b) premotor cortex
c) central sulcus
d) primary motor cortex

A

d) primary motor cortex

38
Q

With repetition, the proper pattern of stimulation becomes stored in the?

a) primary sensory area
b) premotor area
c) central sulcus
d) primary motor area

A

b) premotor area

39
Q

You can then perform the movement smoothly and easily by triggering the pattern rather than by controlling the _________ neurons.

a) motor
b) individual
c) collective
d) sensory

A

b) individual

40
Q

One area of the premotor cortex, the _______ field, controls learned eye movements such as when you scan lines.

a) frontal eye
b) occipital
c) posterior eye
d) lateral eye

A

a) frontal eye

41
Q

True or False?
If you damage your frontal eye field you can understand written letters and words, but cannot read them because your eyes cannot follow the lines.

A

True.

42
Q

Integrative areas are brain areas that receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex _______ activities. These areas also perform complicated analytical functions.

a) motor
b) individual
c) collective
d) sensory

A

a) motor

43
Q

Integrative centers concerned with complex processes, such as speech, writing, math and understanding spatial relationships are largely restricted to either the left or right ___________.

a) cerebellum
b) sulcus
c) hemisphere
d) lobe

A

c) hemisphere

44
Q

True or False?

Integrative centres include the Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area.

A

True.

45
Q

The general interpretive area is also known as the _________ area. It is present only in one hemisphere, typically the left.

a) Broca’s
b) auditory
c) visual
d) Wernicke’s

A

d) Wernicke’s

46
Q

The Wernicke’s area receives information from all __________ areas.

a) auditory association
b) sensory association
c) visual association
d) motor association

A

b) sensory association

47
Q

The Wernicke’s area plays an essential role in your personality by integrating sensory information and coordinating access to complex?

a) olfactory and auditory memories
b) olfactory and visual memories
c) auditory and visual memories
d) visual and pain memories

A

c) auditory and visual memories

48
Q

True or False?
Damage to the Wernicke’s area affects your ability to interpret what you see or hear even though you understand the words as individual entities.

A

True.

49
Q

The speech center also called ______ area is on the same side as Wernicke’s area typically left hemisphere.

a) Broca’s
b) auditory
c) visual
d) Wernicke’s

A

a) Broca’s

50
Q

The speech center (Broca’s area) regulates the patterns of breathing and vocalization needed for?

a) eating
b) singing
c) normal speech
d) sleeping

A

c) normal speech

51
Q

True or False?

If the speech center or Broca’s area was damaged, you can’t make sounds or words.

A

False.

If the speech center or Broca’s area was damaged, you COULD make sounds BUT NOT words.

52
Q

Motor commands from here are adjusted by the auditory association area, also called the?

a) visual speech area
b) auditory speech area
c) receptive speech area
d) controlled speech area

A

c) receptive speech area

53
Q

The prefrontal cortex, found in the ______ lobes, coordinates information from all association areas of the entire cortex.

a) parietal
b) frontal
c) temporal
d) occipital

A

b) frontal

54
Q

The ________ cortex performs abstract intellectual functions, such as predicting the consequences of possible outcomes.

a) prefrontal
b) gustatory
c) visual
d) auditory

A

a) prefrontal

55
Q

True or False?
Feelings of frustration, tension and anxiety are generated as the prefrontal cortex interprets ongoing events and makes predictions about future situations or consequences.

A

True.

56
Q

If the connections between the prefrontal cortex and other brain areas are severed (prefrontal lobotomy), frustration, tension and anxiety are?

a) increased
b) removed
c) exacerbated
d) decreased

A

b) removed

57
Q

Each of the two cerebral hemispheres is responsible for specific functions that are not ordinarily performed by the _______ hemisphere. This is called hemisphere lateralization.

a) same
b) perpendicular
c) diagonal
d) opposite

A

d) opposite

58
Q

The left hemisphere, dominant hemisphere, contains all of the following except?

a) Wernicke’s area (language-based skills)
b) Broca’s area (language-based skills)
c) smaller premotor area (slight right-hand dominance)
d) larger premotor area (right-hand dominance)

A

c) smaller premotor area

59
Q

The _______ hemisphere is also important in performing analytical tasks such as mathematical calculations and logical decision making.

a) left
b) right
c) anterior
d) posterior

A

a) left

60
Q

The _______ hemisphere analyzes sensory information and relates the body to the sensory environment.

a) left
b) right
c) anterior
d) posterior

A

b) right

61
Q

Interpretive centers in the right hemisphere permit you to identify familiar objects by all of the following except?

a) touch
b) smell
c) sight
d) hear

A

d) hear

62
Q

True or False?

The right hemisphere plays a dominant role in recognizing faces and in understanding two-dimensional relationships.

A

False.

The right hemisphere plays a dominant role in recognizing faces and in understanding THREE-dimensional relationships.

63
Q

The right hemisphere is also important in analyzing the ________ context of a conversation.

a) logical
b) auditory
c) emotional
d) visual

A

c) emotional

64
Q

True or False?

Left-handed people represent 9% of the population and a high percentage of musicians and artists are left-hand dominant.

A

True.

65
Q

______ waves occur in resting awake adults but disappear during sleep.

a) beta
b) theta
c) delta
d) alpha

A

d) alpha

66
Q

______ waves replace alpha waves when an individual begins to concentrate on a task or in a state of psychological tension.

a) beta
b) theta
c) delta
d) alpha

A

a) beta

67
Q

_______ waves appear transiently during sleep in normal adults or when intensely frustrated.

a) beta
b) theta
c) delta
d) alpha

A

b) theta

68
Q

_______ waves occur normally during deep sleep.

a) beta
b) theta
c) delta
d) alpha

A

c) delta

69
Q

Which CN represents the following?
Special sensation: Smell
Motor: No motor
Receptor: Olfactory receptors and bulbs (nasal cavity)

A

CN I - Olfaction

70
Q

Which CN represents the following?
Special sensation: Vision
Motor: No motor
Receptor: Each hemisphere receives visual info from the lateral half of the same side retina and medial half of the opposite side retina.

A

CN II - Optic

71
Q 
Which CN represents the following?
Special sensation: No sensory
Motor: Eye movement and pupil constriction
Somatic motor: 
- Superior and medial rectus muscles
- Inferior oblique 
- Levator palpebrate superioris
Visceral motor: Intrinsic eye muscles (pupil)
A

CN III - Oculomotor

72
Q

Which CN represents the following?
Sensation: No sensory
Motor: Superior oblique muscle

A

CN IV - Trochlear

73
Q

Which CN represents the following?
Sensation: Face
- Ophthalmic division: orbit to nose
- Maxillary division: Lower eyelid to upper lip
- Mandibular division: Lower lips
Motor: Mandibular division innervates the muscles of mastication

A

CN V - Trigeminal

74
Q

Which CN represents the following?
Sensation: No sensory
Motor: Lateral rectus muscle

A

CN VI - Abducens

75
Q 
Which CN represents the following?
Motor: Muscles of facial expression
Sense: taste to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
Visceral motor: (Glands)
- Lacrimal
- Nasal mucosal
- Submandibular slivary
-  Sublingual salivary
A

CN VII - Facial Nerve

76
Q

Which CN represents the following?
Special sensation: Equilibrium, balance, and hearing
Receptor: Vestibulocochlear apparatus of the inner ear

A

CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear

77
Q

Which CN represents the following?
Sensation: Taste to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
Motor: Pharyngeal muscles
Visceral motor: Parotid salivary gland

A

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

78
Q

Which CN represents the following?
Motor and sensory: Widely distributed throughout the thorax and abdominal cavity
Motor: Parasympathetic autonomic
Sensory: Visceral sensory

A

CN X - Vagus

79
Q

Which CN represents the following? Sensation: No sensory
Motor: Muscles of the neck and upper back including muscles of the
- Palate
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- SCM and upper traps

A

CN XI - Accessory

80
Q

Which CN represents the following?
Sensation: No sensory
Motor: Tongue

A

CN XII - Hypoglossal

81
Q

What pneumonic is used to remember the cranial nerves, if they are either motor, purely sensory or both, in order from CN I to CN XII?

A

Some Say Marry Money, But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most
(Sensory, Sensory, Motor, Motor, Both, Motor, Both, Sensory, Both, Both, Motor, Motor)

82
Q

What pneumonic is used to remember the NAMES of the cranial nerves in order from CN I to CN XII?

A

Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Very Green Veggies, AH!
(Olfaction, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal)

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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