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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Week 3: Synaptic Activity > Flashcards

Week 3: Synaptic Activity Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ synapse in which there is direct contact between cells through gap junctions (connexons/pores).

A

Electrical Synapse

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2
Q

_____________ synapse which involve intermediary messengers which pass information, from one cell to another, in the form of a chemical.

A

Chemical Synapse

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3
Q

The chemical messengers used in the system are called ______________.

A

Neurotransmitters

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4
Q 
Neurotransmitters can be classified as excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ they interact with.
A) proteins
B) mitochondria
C) receptors
D) free ribosomes
A

C) receptors

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5
Q

True or False?
The advantage of chemical synapses is that they have far more variable postsynaptic cell outcomes when compared to electrical synapses.

A

True.

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6
Q 
At a chemical synapse, arriving action potentials may or may not release enough neurotransmitters to bring the post synaptic cell to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) equilibrium
B) threshold
C) inhibition
D) synapse
A

B) threshold

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7
Q

Which synapses are more abundant? Electrical or Chemical?

A

Chemical Synapse

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8
Q

Arrange the events of a Cholinergic Synapse.
______ Extracellular Ca++ enters the cytosol of the synaptic terminal triggering exocytosis
______ An action potential arrives and depolarizes the axon terminal
______ ACh is removed by AChE
______ ACh binds to postsynaptic receptor and depolarizes the membrane

A

Step 2
Step 1
Step 4
Step 3

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9
Q

Step 1 of a Cholinergic Synapse:
A combination of _________ gated Na+ and K+ membrane have __________ an impulse.

From the axon ________, to the _________ and finally to the synaptic end bulb (axon terminal).

A

voltage, propagated

hillock, telodendria

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10
Q

Step 2 of a Cholinergic Synapse:
The synaptic terminal replaces voltage gated Na+ and K+ membrane channels with voltage gated ____ channels.

The arrival of an action potential at the synaptic terminal causes influx of Ca++ into the ________.

Influx of Ca++ at the synaptic terminal causes exocytosis and release of ACh into the ______ ________.

A

Ca++

cytosol

synaptic cleft

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11
Q

True or False?

Ca++ is quickly removed from the synaptic cleft by passive transport.

A

False.

Ca++ is quickly removed from the synaptic cleft by ACTIVE transport.

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12
Q

Step 3 of a Cholinergic Synapse:
When ACh is released through ___________, it crosses the synaptic cleft.

It binds to ____________ gated Na+ channels on the postsynaptic membrane.

___________ Na+ rushes in bringing about a ________ potential in the postsynaptic membrane.

Opening of Na+ channels brings about rapid __________.

This effect lasts for ________.

A

exocytosis

chemically

Extracellular, graded

depolarization

20 msecs.

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13
Q

Step 4 of a Cholinergic Synapse:
As the ACh are attempting to cross the synaptic cleft, _____ breakdown 1/2 the ACh released before making it to the __________.

AChE detach the rest of the ACh within ____ msec.

A

AChE, receptor

20

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14
Q

A _______ _______ of 0.2 msec - 0.5 msec occurs between the arrival of an action potential at the synaptic knob until affecting the postsynaptic membrane.

A

Synaptic Delay

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15
Q

Most of the synaptic delay involves an influx and release of what?

A

Ca++ influx and AChE release

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16
Q 
The \_\_\_\_\_\_ synapses involved, the \_\_\_\_\_\_ synaptic delay.
A) more, shorter
B) fewer, longer
C) more, longer
D) fewer, shorter
A

D) fewer, shorter

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17
Q

Neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on their interaction with postsynaptic _________.

A

receptors

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18
Q

A neurotransmitter that is typically excitatory; fight or flight.

A

Norepinephrine

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19
Q

A neurotransmitter that is typically inhibitory; if absent or diminished, Parkinson’s disease results.

A

Dopamine

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20
Q

A decrease in this neurotransmitter can affect emotional states and attention.

A

Serotonin

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21
Q

A neurotransmitter that is generally inhibitory ; may reduce anxiety.

A

GABA

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22
Q

This neurotransmitter includes Nitric Oxide (which innervate smooth muscle in blood vessel walls) and Carbon Monoxide (functions as neurotransmitter).

A

Gases

23
Q

Synaptic terminals release a variety of active compounds along with neurotransmitters called _______________.

A

Neuromodulators

24
Q

Neuromodulators either alter the rate of neurotransmitter _________ by presynaptic cells or change the _____________ ____________ ________.

A

release, postsynaptic cells response

25
Q

Neuromodulators called _____________ have similar effects to opium and morphine.

A

Opioids

26
Q

Opioids inhibit the release of a neurotransmitter, which is responsible for slow pain or chronic pain, called ______________.

A

Substance P

27
Q

Neurotransmitters that have a direct effect open or close ____________ gated ion channels in the _____ -synaptic membrane directly.

Because neurotransmitters alter ion movement across the cell membrane, they are said to have an _______________ effect.

A

chemically, postsynaptic

ionotropic

28
Q

Neurotransmitters that have an indirect effect (metabotropic) work through intermediaries called _____________ messengers.

In this case, the neurotransmitter delivers a message to receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane acting as the _____________ messenger.

Ions or molecules produced or released inside the cell when the first messenger binds are called the __________ messenger.

The link between 1st and 2nd messenger typically involves activating a _____________.

A

second

first

second

G-protein

29
Q 
The G-protein, for example, could activate adenylate cyclase which converts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the cytosol to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) cAMP, ATP
B) ATP, ADP
C) ATP, cAMP
D) ADP, ATP
A

C) ATP, cAMP

cAMP (cyclic AMP) is the second messenger in this case, which can open membrane channels and or activate intracellular enzymes.

30
Q

True or False?

Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide are lipid-soluble gases, so they cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane.

A

False.

They CAN EASILY diffuse through the plasma membrane.

31
Q

Once nitric oxide and carbon monoxide are in the cell, they bind to _______ on the inner ________ of the plasma membrane

A

enzymes, surface

These enzymes then promote the appearance of second messengers that can affect cellular activity.

32
Q

True or False?

Postsynaptic potentials are graded potentials in the postsynaptic membrane in response to neurotransmitters.

A

True.

33
Q

____________ postsynaptic potentials are depolarizing postsynaptic graded potentials.

A

Excitatory (EPSP)

34
Q

____________ postsynaptic potentials are hyperpolarizing postsynaptic graded potentials.

A

Inhibitory (IPSP)

35
Q

Before action potentials can happen, a ____ mV depolarization must occur.

A

10 mV

-70 mV (RMP) to -60 mV (threshold)

36
Q

Individual EPSP’s combine through the process of __________ which integrates all the effects of graded potentials.

A

summation

37
Q

____________ summation is the addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a single synapse.

A

Temporal

Each graded depolarization lasts 20 msec and each individual EPSP is 0.5 mV.

38
Q

In temporal summation, it would take 20 consecutive stimulations (1 msec) apart at one spot to bring about ________ potential.

A

action

Note: (voltage) 0.5 x (stimulations) 20 = 10 mV

39
Q

____________ summation occurs when simultaneous stimuli applied at different locations.

A

Spatial

40
Q 
Spatial summation results in a cumulative effect on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ potential.
A) transmembrane
B) action
C) graded
D) resting membrane
A

A) transmembrane

41
Q

True or False?
Spatial summation involves multiple synapses active simultaneously which can include both excitatory and inhibitory stimuli.

A

True.

An action potential will result if the net result of both excitatory and inhibitory stimuli is 10 mV of depolarization.

42
Q

If summation is underway yet the initial segment has not depolarized to threshold, the postsynaptic neuron is said to be: Facilitated or Inhibited?

A

Facilitated.

43
Q

If postsynaptic summation is moving the membrane further away from threshold, the postsynaptic neuron is said to be: Facilitated or Inhibited?

A

Inhibited.

44
Q

EPSP’s typically result from the opening of chemically gated ___ channels. Na+ or K+?

A

Na+

45
Q

IPSP’s typically result from the opening of chemically gated ___ channels. Na+ or K+?

A

K+

46
Q

True or False?

The role of the axon hillock is to calculate the sum of all graded excitatory and inhibitory potentials.

A

True.

If the effect on TMP is greater than 10 mV within 20 msec, threshold is achieved and an action potential occurs.

47
Q

Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter antagonism at the ________ _________ results in dynamic and responsive information processing.

A

Synaptic Cleft

48
Q 
At the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron, another axon can synapse onto that presynaptic terminal affecting the amount of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ released.
A) GABA
B) Na+
C) neurotransmitter
D) K+
A

C) neurotransmitter

49
Q

If the axoaxonal synapse is inhibitory, the presynaptic neuron is inhibited and therefore releases _______ neurotransmitters. More or Less?

A

Less.

This is called Presynaptic Inhibition.

50
Q

If the axoaxonal synapse is excitatory, the presynaptic neuron is facilitated and therefore releases ________ neurotransmitters. More or Less?

A

More.

This is called Presynaptic Facilitation.

51
Q

What are typical neurotransmitters involved in presynaptic facilitation and inhibition affecting Ca+ channels?

A

GABA and Serotonin.

52
Q

Synaptic __________ occurs when a neuron is under intense stimulation.

A

fatigue

53
Q

Synaptic fatigue results from a neuron reaching its limits of ______________ ACh at the axon ___________ and _______________ new ACh from the cell body.

A

resynthesizing, terminal, transporting

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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