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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Week 2: Nerve Excitability and Propagation > Flashcards

Week 2: Nerve Excitability and Propagation Flashcards

1
Q

The transmembrane potential of a resting cell.

A

Resting Potential

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2
Q

A stimulus that produces temporary, localized changed in resting state.

A

Graded Potential

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3
Q

An impulse that is propagated along the surface of the axon.

A

Action Potential

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4
Q

Produces graded potentials in postsynaptic cells.

A

Synaptic Activity

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5
Q

The integration of stimulus by the postsynaptic cell.

A

Information Processing

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6
Q

This fluid has higher concentrations of Na+ and Cl-.

A

Extracellular Fluid

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7
Q

This fluid has higher concentrations of K+ and negatively charged proteins.

A

Intracellular Fluid

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8
Q

This means that ions have to move through membrane channels in order to pass from intracellular and extracellular fluid spaces.

A

Selective Permeability

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9
Q

True or False?

Membrane permeability varies by ions.

A

True.

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10
Q

True or False?
Both passive and active transport mechanisms at the level of the cell membrane ensure an equal charge exists across the cell membrane.

A

False.

Ensures an UNEQUAL charge exists across the cell membrane.

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11
Q

Represent the imbalance in the number of particular ions across the cell membrane.

A

Chemical Gradients (Passive Force)

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12
Q

Represent the imbalance of electrical charges across the cell membrane which is more negative inside the cell.

A

Electrical Gradients (Passive Force)

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13
Q

Result from the combined chemical and electrical forces acting on a specific ion.

A

Electrochemical Gradients (Passive Force)

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14
Q

There are ______ K+ inside the cell so the K+ wants to move _________.

A

More, out.

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15
Q

There are ______ Na+ outside the cell so Na+ want to move ______.

A

More, in.

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16
Q

A chemical gradient results in _____ movement driven by chemical ____________ differences between ECF and ICF.

A

Ion, concentration.

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17
Q

Electrical differences are measured in __________.

A

Millivolts (mV)

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18
Q

A typical neuron rests at ______.

A

-70 mV

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19
Q

The membrane potential at which there is no net movement of a particular ion across the plasma membrane is called __________ ____________.

A

Equilibrium Potential

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20
Q

K+ has an equilibrium potential of _______.

A

-90 mV

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21
Q

Na+ has an equilibrium of _________.

A

+66 mV

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22
Q

At normal resting potential, the cell must bail out ________ that leak in and recapture __________ that leaked out.

A

Sodium, potassium.

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23
Q

The bailing of sodium and recapturing of potassium is done by what pump?

A

Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump

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24
Q

The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump is powered by ______, making it an active transport mechanism.

A

ATP

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25
Q

The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump exchanges __ intracellular Na+ for __ intracellular K+.

A

3 Na+, 2 K+

26
Q

The Sodium-Potassium Exchange Pump involves a carrier protein called ____________.

A

Sodium-Potassium ATPase

27
Q

Also called leak channels; are always open but permeability can vary from moment to moment.

A

Passive Channels

28
Q

Also called gated channels; open or close in response to specific stimuli

A

Active Channels

29
Q

Gated channels that open or close when specific chemical bind to receptor sites on the channel.

A

Chemically Gated Channels

30
Q

Gated channels that open and close in response to changes in the transmembrane potential when the cell reaches threshold.

A

Electrically Gated Channels

31
Q

Gated channels that open and close in response to physical distortion (pressure) of the membrane surface.

A

Mechanically Gated Channels

32
Q

Graded potentials are also called ___________.

A

Local Potentials

33
Q

True or False?

Graded potentials are changes in the membrane potential that can spread far from the site of stimulation.

A

False.

Graded potentials CANNOT spread far.

34
Q

True or False?

Any stimulus that opens gated channels produces a graded potential.

A

True.

35
Q 
Na+ are attracted to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ charges along the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ surface of the nerve cell membrane. 
A) positive, outer
B) negative, inner
C) positive, inner
D) negative, outer
A

B) negative, inner

36
Q 
Na+ influx shifts the membrane potential toward 0 mV also called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) hyperpolarization
B) equilibrium
C) depolarization
D) polarization
A

C) depolarization

37
Q

True or False?

During graded potentials, the degree of depolarization decreases with distance away from the site of stimulation.

A

True.

38
Q

True or False?

Graded potentials always lead to an action potential.

A

False.

Graded potentials MAY OR MAY NOT lead to an action potential.

39
Q

When a stimulus is removed, normal membrane permeability is restored to resting levels, which is called ____________.

A

Repolarization.

40
Q 
Graded potentials are usually brought about by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ gated channels.
A) chemically, mechanically
B) chemically, electrically
C) electrically, mechanically
D) active, passive
A

A) chemically, mechanically

41
Q

True or False?

Electrically gated ion channels are associated with action potentials.

A

True.

42
Q

-70mV toward -60 mV a graded _____________.

A

Depolarization

43
Q

-70 mV toward -90 mV a graded ______________.

A

Hyperpolarization

44
Q

Also called excitation; is any shift from resting membrane potential toward 0 mV.

A

Depolarization

45
Q

The process of restoring the normal resting potential after depolarization.

A

Repolarization

46
Q

The first step in generation of an action potential is the opening of voltage gated ________ _________.

A

Sodium channels

47
Q

Threshold is at _____ mV.

A

-60 mV

48
Q

True or False?

Once one voltage gated Na+ channels is opened, adjacent voltage gated Na+ channels open.

A

True.

49
Q

Arrange the steps of an action potential.
_____ Around 30+ mV; Na + inactivation gate close; K+ activation gates open: K+ moves out; repolarization begins
_____ The cell body is depolarized enough that it reaches threshold and voltage gated Na+ channels open
_____ Na+ inactivation gate remains closed until threshold reached; K+ channels begin to close at -70 mV; a brief period of hyperpolarization occurs after
_____ Na+ activation gates open; Na+ is driven down the electrochemical gradient; rapid depolarization results in a positive intracellular charge

A

Step 3
Step 1
Step 4
Step 2

50
Q

The period in which the plasma membrane does not respond normally to additional stimuli from the time an action potential begins until the normal resting membrane has stabilized.

A

Refractory Period

51
Q

This type of refractory period occurs when Na+ activation gates are open or Na+ inactivation gates are closed.

A

Absolute Refractory Period

52
Q

This type of refractory period occurs when Na+ channels regain their rest position up until resting membrane potential is achieved.

A

Relative Refractory Period

53
Q

True or False?
Another action potential can occur in the relative refractory period only if the cell membrane is sufficiently hyperpolarized.

A

False.

Only if the cell membrane is sufficiently DEPOLARIZED.

54
Q

This type of propagation occurs along an unmyelinated axon resembling dominos; this is a slower type of propagation.

A

Continuous Propagation

55
Q

This type of propagation occurs along a myelinated axon resembling the game “Leap Frog”; this is a much faster type of propagation.

A

Saltatory Propagtaion

56
Q 
Myelin greatly \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ propagation speed of action potentials.
A) decreases
B) inhibits
C) deducts
D) increases
A

D) increases

57
Q 
The diameter of the axon affects the propagation speed, and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ the diameter, the lower the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ to propagation.
A) smaller, acceptance
B) larger, resistance
C) larger, acceptance
D) smaller, resistance
A

B) larger, resistance

58
Q

These type of fibres are the largest diameter, myelinated fibres; action potential speeds up to 120 m/s (268 mph)

A

Type A Fibres

59
Q

These type of fibres are smaller in diameter, myelinated fibres; 18 m/s (40 mph).

A

Type B Fibres

60
Q

These type of fibres are smaller in diameter, unmyelinated fibres; 1 m/s (2mph)

A

Type C Fibres

Neuroanatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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