Week 5: Neuronal Pools Flashcards
The human body has about ___ million sensory neurons, ____ million motor neurons and ___ billion interneurons.
a) 10, 500, 20
b) 500, 10, 20
c) 20, 500, 10
d) 10, 20, 500
a) 10, 500, 20
True or False?
Interactions among interneurons provide interpretation, planning and coordination of incoming signals.
True.
____________ are functional groups of interconnected neurons.
a) ganglia
b) axonal pools
c) neuronal pools
d) nuclei
c) neuronal pools
A neuronal pool may be __________ involving several brain regions, or _______ with neurons restricted to one specific location in the brain or spinal cord.
scattered, localized
Each pool has limited number of ______ sources and _______ destinations.
a) sensory, visceral
b) input, output
c) output, input
d) visceral, sensory
b) input, output
True or False?
Each neuronal pool can only contain either excitatory or inhibitory neurons.
False.
Each neuronal pool may contain BOTH excitatory and inhibitory neurons.
This neural circuit synapses from one neuron to several neurons.
a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) divergent
d) serial processing
c) divergent
This neural circuit synapses from several neurons to one.
a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) divergent
d) serial processing
a) convergent
A mechanism by which neurons or pools work sequentially.
a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) divergent
d) serial processing
d) serial processing
A neural circuit where several neurons or pools process the same information simultaneously.
a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) divergent
d) serial processing
b) parallel processing
A neural circuit where collateral axons of a single neuron extend back toward the cell body or source of stimulation (positive feedback).
a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) reverberation
d) serial processing
c) reverberation
_______ are rapid automatic responses to specific stimuli.
a) reflexes
b) synapses
c) propagation
c) none of the above
a) reflexes
True or False?
Reflexes preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments in the function of organs or organ systems.
True.
These are the basic functional components of all types of homeostatic regulation.
a) receptor, control/integration center, effector
b) neuron, axon, dendrites
c) enzyme, protein, conductor
d) none of the above
a) receptor, control/integration center, effector
The route followed by nerve impulses to produce a reflex is called a ________ arc.
a) intersegmental
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch
b) reflex
Arrange the steps of a simple Neural Reflex.
_ Activation of a motor neuron
_ Information processing in the CNS
_ Arrival of a stimulus that activates a receptor
_ Response of a peripheral effector
_ Activation of a sensory neuron
- Activation of a motor neuron
- Information processing in the CNS
- Arrival of a stimulus that activates a receptor
- Response of a peripheral effector
- Activation of a sensory neuron
All are classifications of reflexes, except:
a) How They Developed
b) The Type of Response
c) The Type of Negative or Positive Feedback
d) The Complexity of the Circuit
e) Processing Sites
c) The Type of Negative or Positive Feedback
_________ reflexes result from connections that form between neurons during development; genetically programmed.
a) acquired
b) innate
c) somatic
d) superficial
b) innate
__________ reflexes are more complex learned patterns such as riding a bike or driving a car.
a) acquired
b) innate
c) somatic
d) superficial
a) acquired
___________ reflexes provide a mechanism for involuntary control of the muscular system.
a) acquired
b) innate
c) somatic
d) superficial
c) somatic
___________ reflexes are triggered by stimuli at the skin or mucous membranes.
a) acquired
b) innate
c) somatic
d) superficial
d) superficial
_____________ reflexes are stretch reflexes triggered by the sudden elongation of a tendon (e.g. GTO).
a) somatic
b) superficial
c) visceral
d) deep tendon
d) deep tendon
___________ reflexes control activities of visceral systems also called autonomic reflexes.
a) somatic
b) superficial
c) visceral
d) deep tendon
c) visceral
____________ reflex where a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron.
a) spinal
b) monosynaptic
c) polysynaptic
d) cranial
b) monosynaptic
____________ reflexes have at least one interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron. They have more synaptic delay but produce far more complicated responses.
a) spinal
b) monosynaptic
c) polysynaptic
d) cranial
c) polysnyaptic
____________ reflexes have the important interconnections and processing events occurring in the spinal cord.
a) spinal
b) monosynaptic
c) polysynaptic
d) cranial
a) spinal
____________ reflexes are processed in the brain and brain stem.
a) spinal
b) monosynaptic
c) polysynaptic
d) cranial
d) cranial
In ________ reflex arcs, many spinal segments interact to produce a coordinated, highly variable motor response.
a) intersegmental
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch
a) intersegmental
Group the following accordingly, under Monosynaptic Reflex and Polysynaptic Reflex.
- Tendon Reflex
- Crossed Extensor Reflex
- Stretch Reflex
- Withdrawal Reflex
Monosynaptic Reflex
- Stretch Reflex
Polysynaptic Reflex
- Tendon Reflex
- Crossed Extensor Reflex
- Withdrawal Reflex
The _______ reflex results in the contraction of skeletal muscle in response to muscle stretch.
a) intersegmental
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch
d) stretch
True or False?
The stretch reflex automatically regulates skeletal muscle spindle.
False.
The stretch reflex automatically regulates skeletal muscle length.
True or False?
The stretch reflex is one of our most rapid reflexes.
True.
The receptor in the stretch reflex is called the:
a) troponin
b) golgi tendon organ
c) muscle spindle
d) myofibril
c) muscle spindle
Each muscle spindle consists of bundles of small specialized skeletal muscle fibers called:
a) intrafusal muscle fibers
b) extrafusal muscle fibers
c) gamma muscle fibers
d) sensory muscle fibers
a) intrafusal muscle fibers
The muscle spindle is surrounded by larger skeletal muscle fibers called:
a) intrafusal muscle fibers
b) extrafusal muscle fibers
c) gamma muscle fibers
d) sensory muscle fibers
b) extrafusal muscle fibers
True or False?
Intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers are responsible for resting muscle tone and contraction of the entire muscle.
True.
Both _____ and ______ neurons innervate each intrafusal fiber.
a) somatic, visceral
b) sensory, motor
c) motor and interneuron
d) sensory and interneuron
b) sensory, motor
Motor neurons innervating intrafusal fibers are called:
a) dorsal neurons
b) visceral neurons
c) gamma motor neurons
d) gamma sensory neurons
c) gamma motor neurons
True or False?
Gamma motor neurons or gamma efferents enable the CNS to adjust to the sensitivity or reactivity of the muscle spindle.
True.
The sensory neurons synapse onto CNS motor neurons that control the extrafusal fibers of the same muscle, thereby increasing ____________.
a) muscle tone
b) muscle spindles
c) muscle activity
d) none of the above
a) muscle tone
Arrange the steps of a Stretch Reflex. _ Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord _ Activation of the muscle spindle _ Activation of extrafusal fibers _ Direct synapse onto motor neuron
- Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord
- Activation of the muscle spindle
- Activation of extrafusal fibers
- Direct synapse onto motor neuron
During a stretch reflex:
One axon collateral goes to the _______ for monitoring and response.
One axon collateral goes to the _______ muscles to inhibit them; a process called reciprocal inhibition.
brain, antagonist
The _______ reflex monitors the external tension produced during a muscle contraction and prevents tearing or breaking of the tendon.
a) withdrawal
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch
c) tendon
The sensory receptor for the tendon reflex is referred to as:
a) troponin
b) golgi tendon organ
c) muscle spindle
d) myofibril
b) golgi tendon organ
When the tendons are stretched to a dangerous degree, sensory neurons stimulate ______ neurons in the spinal cord.
a) excitatory
b) auditory
c) inhibitory
d) none of the above
c) inhibitory
These inhibitory neurons innervate the motor neurons controlling the skeletal muscle. The greater the tension, the greater the inhibition.
Arrange the steps of a Tendon Reflex. _ Activation of the golgi tendon organ _ Synapse onto motor neuron _ Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord _ Activation of inhibitory interneuron _ Inhibition of extrafusal fibers
- Activation of the golgi tendon organ
- Synapse onto motor neuron
- Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord
- Activation of inhibitory interneuron
- Inhibition of extrafusal fibers
During a tendon reflex:
One axon collateral goes to the _______ for monitoring and response.
One axon collateral goes to the _______ muscles to excite them which is also called reciprocal innervation.
brain, antagonist
_______ reflexes move affected parts away from a stimulus. Painful stimuli trigger these strongest reflexes.
a) withdrawal
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch
a) withdrawal
True or False?
Withdrawal reflexes can be initiated by receptors sensitive to touch or pressure.
True.
Withdrawal reflexes demonstrate:
Ipsilateral multisegment _________ activation
Ipsilateral multisegment _________ inhibition
Contralateral multisegment _________ activation
Contralateral multisegment _________ inhibition
flexor
reciprocal
extensor
flexor
Arrange the steps of Withdrawal Reflex
_ Activation and inhibition of various extrafusal fibers
_ Activation of inhibitory and excitatory interneuron
_ Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord
_ Synapse onto motor neurons
_ Activation of sensory receptor
- Activation and inhibition of various extrafusal fibers
- Activation of inhibitory and excitatory interneuron
- Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord
- Synapse onto motor neurons
- Activation of sensory receptor
During a tendon reflex:
One axon collateral goes to the _______ for monitoring and response.
One axon collateral goes to the same side _________ and opposite side ________ and extensors at multiple levels of spinal cord.
brain, extensors, flexors
The stretch, tendon, and withdrawal reflexes involve:
a) ipsilateral reflex arcs
b) contralateral reflex arcs
c) lateral reflex arcs
d) segmental arcs
a) ipsilateral reflex arcs
The crossed extensor reflex arc involves:
a) ipsilateral reflex arcs
b) contralateral reflex arcs
c) lateral reflex arcs
d) segmental arcs
b) contralateral reflex arcs
