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Neuroanatomy and Physiology > Week 5: Neuronal Pools > Flashcards

Week 5: Neuronal Pools Flashcards

1
Q

The human body has about ___ million sensory neurons, ____ million motor neurons and ___ billion interneurons.

a) 10, 500, 20
b) 500, 10, 20
c) 20, 500, 10
d) 10, 20, 500

A

a) 10, 500, 20

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2
Q

True or False?

Interactions among interneurons provide interpretation, planning and coordination of incoming signals.

A

True.

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3
Q

____________ are functional groups of interconnected neurons.

a) ganglia
b) axonal pools
c) neuronal pools
d) nuclei

A

c) neuronal pools

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4
Q

A neuronal pool may be __________ involving several brain regions, or _______ with neurons restricted to one specific location in the brain or spinal cord.

A

scattered, localized

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5
Q

Each pool has limited number of ______ sources and _______ destinations.

a) sensory, visceral
b) input, output
c) output, input
d) visceral, sensory

A

b) input, output

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6
Q

True or False?

Each neuronal pool can only contain either excitatory or inhibitory neurons.

A

False.

Each neuronal pool may contain BOTH excitatory and inhibitory neurons.

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7
Q

This neural circuit synapses from one neuron to several neurons.

a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) divergent
d) serial processing

A

c) divergent

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8
Q

This neural circuit synapses from several neurons to one.

a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) divergent
d) serial processing

A

a) convergent

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9
Q

A mechanism by which neurons or pools work sequentially.

a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) divergent
d) serial processing

A

d) serial processing

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10
Q

A neural circuit where several neurons or pools process the same information simultaneously.

a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) divergent
d) serial processing

A

b) parallel processing

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11
Q

A neural circuit where collateral axons of a single neuron extend back toward the cell body or source of stimulation (positive feedback).

a) convergent
b) parallel processing
c) reverberation
d) serial processing

A

c) reverberation

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12
Q

_______ are rapid automatic responses to specific stimuli.

a) reflexes
b) synapses
c) propagation
c) none of the above

A

a) reflexes

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13
Q

True or False?

Reflexes preserve homeostasis by making rapid adjustments in the function of organs or organ systems.

A

True.

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14
Q

These are the basic functional components of all types of homeostatic regulation.

a) receptor, control/integration center, effector
b) neuron, axon, dendrites
c) enzyme, protein, conductor
d) none of the above

A

a) receptor, control/integration center, effector

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15
Q

The route followed by nerve impulses to produce a reflex is called a ________ arc.

a) intersegmental
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch

A

b) reflex

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16
Q

Arrange the steps of a simple Neural Reflex.
_ Activation of a motor neuron
_ Information processing in the CNS
_ Arrival of a stimulus that activates a receptor
_ Response of a peripheral effector
_ Activation of a sensory neuron

A
  1. Activation of a motor neuron
  2. Information processing in the CNS
  3. Arrival of a stimulus that activates a receptor
  4. Response of a peripheral effector
  5. Activation of a sensory neuron
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17
Q

All are classifications of reflexes, except:

a) How They Developed
b) The Type of Response
c) The Type of Negative or Positive Feedback
d) The Complexity of the Circuit
e) Processing Sites

A

c) The Type of Negative or Positive Feedback

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18
Q

_________ reflexes result from connections that form between neurons during development; genetically programmed.

a) acquired
b) innate
c) somatic
d) superficial

A

b) innate

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19
Q

__________ reflexes are more complex learned patterns such as riding a bike or driving a car.

a) acquired
b) innate
c) somatic
d) superficial

A

a) acquired

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20
Q

___________ reflexes provide a mechanism for involuntary control of the muscular system.

a) acquired
b) innate
c) somatic
d) superficial

A

c) somatic

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21
Q

___________ reflexes are triggered by stimuli at the skin or mucous membranes.

a) acquired
b) innate
c) somatic
d) superficial

A

d) superficial

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22
Q

_____________ reflexes are stretch reflexes triggered by the sudden elongation of a tendon (e.g. GTO).

a) somatic
b) superficial
c) visceral
d) deep tendon

A

d) deep tendon

23
Q

___________ reflexes control activities of visceral systems also called autonomic reflexes.

a) somatic
b) superficial
c) visceral
d) deep tendon

A

c) visceral

24
Q

____________ reflex where a sensory neuron synapses directly on a motor neuron.

a) spinal
b) monosynaptic
c) polysynaptic
d) cranial

A

b) monosynaptic

25
Q

____________ reflexes have at least one interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron. They have more synaptic delay but produce far more complicated responses.

a) spinal
b) monosynaptic
c) polysynaptic
d) cranial

A

c) polysnyaptic

26
Q

____________ reflexes have the important interconnections and processing events occurring in the spinal cord.

a) spinal
b) monosynaptic
c) polysynaptic
d) cranial

A

a) spinal

27
Q

____________ reflexes are processed in the brain and brain stem.

a) spinal
b) monosynaptic
c) polysynaptic
d) cranial

A

d) cranial

28
Q

In ________ reflex arcs, many spinal segments interact to produce a coordinated, highly variable motor response.

a) intersegmental
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch

A

a) intersegmental

29
Q

Group the following accordingly, under Monosynaptic Reflex and Polysynaptic Reflex.

  • Tendon Reflex
  • Crossed Extensor Reflex
  • Stretch Reflex
  • Withdrawal Reflex
A

Monosynaptic Reflex
- Stretch Reflex

Polysynaptic Reflex

  • Tendon Reflex
  • Crossed Extensor Reflex
  • Withdrawal Reflex
30
Q

The _______ reflex results in the contraction of skeletal muscle in response to muscle stretch.

a) intersegmental
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch

A

d) stretch

31
Q

True or False?

The stretch reflex automatically regulates skeletal muscle spindle.

A

False.

The stretch reflex automatically regulates skeletal muscle length.

32
Q

True or False?

The stretch reflex is one of our most rapid reflexes.

A

True.

33
Q

The receptor in the stretch reflex is called the:

a) troponin
b) golgi tendon organ
c) muscle spindle
d) myofibril

A

c) muscle spindle

34
Q

Each muscle spindle consists of bundles of small specialized skeletal muscle fibers called:

a) intrafusal muscle fibers
b) extrafusal muscle fibers
c) gamma muscle fibers
d) sensory muscle fibers

A

a) intrafusal muscle fibers

35
Q

The muscle spindle is surrounded by larger skeletal muscle fibers called:

a) intrafusal muscle fibers
b) extrafusal muscle fibers
c) gamma muscle fibers
d) sensory muscle fibers

A

b) extrafusal muscle fibers

36
Q

True or False?

Intrafusal and extrafusal muscle fibers are responsible for resting muscle tone and contraction of the entire muscle.

A

True.

37
Q

Both _____ and ______ neurons innervate each intrafusal fiber.

a) somatic, visceral
b) sensory, motor
c) motor and interneuron
d) sensory and interneuron

A

b) sensory, motor

38
Q

Motor neurons innervating intrafusal fibers are called:

a) dorsal neurons
b) visceral neurons
c) gamma motor neurons
d) gamma sensory neurons

A

c) gamma motor neurons

39
Q

True or False?

Gamma motor neurons or gamma efferents enable the CNS to adjust to the sensitivity or reactivity of the muscle spindle.

A

True.

40
Q

The sensory neurons synapse onto CNS motor neurons that control the extrafusal fibers of the same muscle, thereby increasing ____________.

a) muscle tone
b) muscle spindles
c) muscle activity
d) none of the above

A

a) muscle tone

41
Q 
Arrange the steps of a Stretch Reflex.
_ Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord
_ Activation of the muscle spindle
_ Activation of extrafusal fibers
_ Direct synapse onto motor neuron
A
  1. Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord
  2. Activation of the muscle spindle
  3. Activation of extrafusal fibers
  4. Direct synapse onto motor neuron
42
Q

During a stretch reflex:
One axon collateral goes to the _______ for monitoring and response.
One axon collateral goes to the _______ muscles to inhibit them; a process called reciprocal inhibition.

A

brain, antagonist

43
Q

The _______ reflex monitors the external tension produced during a muscle contraction and prevents tearing or breaking of the tendon.

a) withdrawal
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch

A

c) tendon

44
Q

The sensory receptor for the tendon reflex is referred to as:

a) troponin
b) golgi tendon organ
c) muscle spindle
d) myofibril

A

b) golgi tendon organ

45
Q

When the tendons are stretched to a dangerous degree, sensory neurons stimulate ______ neurons in the spinal cord.

a) excitatory
b) auditory
c) inhibitory
d) none of the above

A

c) inhibitory

These inhibitory neurons innervate the motor neurons controlling the skeletal muscle. The greater the tension, the greater the inhibition.

46
Q 
Arrange the steps of a Tendon Reflex.
_ Activation of the golgi tendon organ
_ Synapse onto motor neuron
_ Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord 
_ Activation of inhibitory interneuron
_ Inhibition of extrafusal fibers
A
  1. Activation of the golgi tendon organ
  2. Synapse onto motor neuron
  3. Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord
  4. Activation of inhibitory interneuron
  5. Inhibition of extrafusal fibers
47
Q

During a tendon reflex:
One axon collateral goes to the _______ for monitoring and response.
One axon collateral goes to the _______ muscles to excite them which is also called reciprocal innervation.

A

brain, antagonist

48
Q

_______ reflexes move affected parts away from a stimulus. Painful stimuli trigger these strongest reflexes.

a) withdrawal
b) reflex
c) tendon
d) stretch

A

a) withdrawal

49
Q

True or False?

Withdrawal reflexes can be initiated by receptors sensitive to touch or pressure.

A

True.

50
Q

Withdrawal reflexes demonstrate:
Ipsilateral multisegment _________ activation
Ipsilateral multisegment _________ inhibition
Contralateral multisegment _________ activation
Contralateral multisegment _________ inhibition

A

flexor
reciprocal
extensor
flexor

51
Q

Arrange the steps of Withdrawal Reflex
_ Activation and inhibition of various extrafusal fibers
_ Activation of inhibitory and excitatory interneuron
_ Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord
_ Synapse onto motor neurons
_ Activation of sensory receptor

A
  1. Activation and inhibition of various extrafusal fibers
  2. Activation of inhibitory and excitatory interneuron
  3. Propagation of sensory impulse to spinal cord
  4. Synapse onto motor neurons
  5. Activation of sensory receptor
52
Q

During a tendon reflex:
One axon collateral goes to the _______ for monitoring and response.
One axon collateral goes to the same side _________ and opposite side ________ and extensors at multiple levels of spinal cord.

A

brain, extensors, flexors

53
Q

The stretch, tendon, and withdrawal reflexes involve:

a) ipsilateral reflex arcs
b) contralateral reflex arcs
c) lateral reflex arcs
d) segmental arcs

A

a) ipsilateral reflex arcs

54
Q

The crossed extensor reflex arc involves:

a) ipsilateral reflex arcs
b) contralateral reflex arcs
c) lateral reflex arcs
d) segmental arcs

A

b) contralateral reflex arcs

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