Week 4: Spinal Cord and Spinal Meninges Flashcards
The adult spinal cord, is ______, is not as long as the vertebral column itself.
a) 24 inches
b) 20 inches
c) 18 inches
d) 10 inches
c) 18 inches
The spinal cord ends between the level of ____ and ____.
a) L3 and L4
b) L1 and L2
c) S1 and S2
d) L4 and L5
b) L1 and L2
The posterior surface of the spinal cord has a shallow longitudinal groove called the :
a) posterior median sulcus
b) anterior median sulcus
c) anterior median fissure
d) posterior median fissure
a) posterior median sulcus
A deeper groove on the anterior surface of the spinal cord is referred to as:
a) posterior median sulcus
b) anterior median sulcus
c) anterior median fissure
d) posterior median fissure
c) anterior median fissure
True or False?
The amount of gray matter is greatest in segments of the spinal cord dedicated to sensory and motor control of the limbs.
True.
Cervical enlargement supplies the _________ limbs.
Upper limbs
Lumbar enlargement supplies the _____ and _________ limbs.
Pelvis and lower limbs
The __________ ___________ is the tapered conical end of the spine found inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
a) filum terminale
b) conus medullaris
c) cauda equina
d) none of the above
b) conus medullaris
The _________ __________ is a slender strand of fibrous tissue and provides longitudinal support for the spinal cord and is part of the coccygeal ligament.
a) filum terminale
b) conus medullaris
c) cauda equina
d) none of the above
a) filum terminale
The filum terminale extends from the inferior tip of the conus medullaris continuing along the vertebral canal to attach to the __________ ________ __________.
a) first sacral vertebrae
b) third sacral vertebrae
c) fourth sacral vertebrae
d) second sacral vertebrae
d) second sacral vertebrae
The entire spinal cord can be divided into __ segments on the basis of the origins of the spinal nerves.
a) 29
b) 30
c) 31
d) 32
c) 31
_______ ______ ________ are cell bodies of sensory neurons from the peripheral nervous system.
a) dorsal root ganglia
b) ventral root ganglia
c) dorsal root nerve
d) ventral root nerve
a) dorsal root ganglia
________ ________ are axons of sensory nerves from the periphery.
a) dorsal ganglia
b) dorsal roots
c) ventral ganglia
d) ventral roots
b) dorsal roots
True or False?
Every spinal segment is associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia, dorsal roots, and ventral roots.
True
________ _______ are axons of motor nerves exiting the spinal cord to innervate peripheral structures.
a) dorsal ganglia
b) dorsal roots
c) ventral ganglia
d) ventral roots
d) ventral roots
Dorsal and ventral roots combine to form a spinal nerve which exits as mixed nerves through the ________ _________.
a) spinous process
b) intervertebral foramen
c) transverse process
d) spinous foramen
b) intervertebral foramen
True or False?
The first pair of spinal nerves passes between C1 and C2.
False.
It passes between the occiput and C1.
True or False?
There are 8 cervical nerves in total.
True.
Spinal nerve count goes as follows: __ cervical, __ thoracic, __ lumbar, __ sacral, and __ coccygeal.
a) 7, 10, 6, 5, 3-4
b) 7, 12, 6, 5, 1-3
c) 8, 12, 5, 5, 1-3
d) 8, 12, 5, 4, 3-4
c) 8, 12, 5, 5, 1-3
The spinal cord ends at L1 or L2 and the dorsal ventral roots of L2-S5 extend inferiorly past the tip of the conus medullaris, creating the ______ ______.
a) filum terminale
b) dorsal roots
c) cauda equina
d) none of the above
c) cauda equina
Spinal meninges are a series of specialized membranes surrounding the spinal cord. They provide _______ ________ and acts as _______ ________.
physical stability, shock absorber
True or False?
Spinal and cranial meninges are not continuous with each other.
False.
They ARE continuous with each other.
______ _______ is the outermost covering of the spinal cord.
a) arachnoid mater
b) dura mater
c) pia mater
d) epinerium
b) dura mater
Between the dura mater and the walls of the vertebral canal, lies the _____ ______
a) epidural space
b) subarachnoid space
c) subpia space
d) spinal cord
a) epidural space
The dura fuses with the periosteum of the occipital bone and margins of ______ ______
a) intervertebral foramen
b) transverse foramen
c) foramen magnum
d) none of the above
c) foramen magnum
Within the sacral canal, the dura forms a dense cord of collagen that blends with the filum terminal forming the _______ _________.
a) trasnverse ligament
b) sacral ligament
c) longitudinal ligament
d) coccygeal ligament
d) coccygeal ligament
The coccygeal ligament blends the periosteum of the _______.
a) sacrum
b) S3
c) coccyx
d) PSIS
c) coccyx
______ ______ is the middle meningeal layer.
a) arachnoid mater
b) dura mater
c) pia mater
d) epinerium
a) arachnoid mater
True or False?
A narrow subdural space separates dura mater from the deeper meningeal layers.
True.
True or False?
The inner surface of dura mater is in contact with the inner surface of the arachnoid membrane.
False.
The inner surface of dura mater is in contact with the outer surface of the arachnoid membrane.
_______ ______ is composed of simple squamous epithelia and is the outermost layer of arachnoid mater.
a) subarachnoid mater
b) dura mater
c) arachnoid membrane
d) arachnoid trabeculae
c) arachnoid membrane
_______ ______ is a delicate network of collagen and elastic fibers which extends to the subarachnoid space.
a) subarachnoid mater
b) dura mater
c) arachnoid membrane
d) arachnoid trabeculae
d) arachnoid trabeculae
A region between the arachnoid membrane and outer pia mater:
a) subarachnoid space
b) dura space
c) arachnoid space
d) pia space
a) subarachnoid space
The subarachnoid space is filled with __________.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
_____ ______ is the inner most meningeal layer. It consists of a meshwork of elastin and collagen fibers firmly bound to the underlying neural tissue.
a) arachnoid mater
b) dura mater
c) pia mater
d) epinerium
c) pia mater
The blood vessels servicing the spinal cord run along dura, arachnoid or pia mater?
Pia mater
Which ligaments prevent lateral movement of the spinal cord?
a) coccygeal ligaments
b) longitudinal ligaments
c) transverse ligaments
d) denticulate ligaments
d) denticulate ligaments
True or False?
Spinal meninges accompany the dorsal and ventral roots as they pass out of the foramen magnum.
False.
As they pass out of the intervertebral foramen.
______ are masses of gray matter within the central nervous system.
a) nuclei
b) ganglia
c) neuron
d) axon
a) nuclei
_______ nuclei receive or relay sensory information from peripheral receptors.
a) dorsal
b) sensory
c) ventral
d) motor
b) sensory
_______ nuclei issue motor commands to peripheral effectors.
a) dorsal
b) sensory
c) ventral
d) motor
d) motor
The posterior gray horns of the spinal cord contain nuclei for
a) somatic and sensory sensation
b) somatic and auditory sensation
c) somatic and visceral sensation
d) none of the above
c) somatic and visceral sensation
The anterior gray horns of the spinal cord contain nuclei for _____ motor.
a) sensory
b) somatic
c) visceral
d) none of the above
b) somatic
The lateral gray horns of the spinal cord contain nuclei for _____ motor.
a) sensory
b) somatic
c) visceral
d) none of the above
c) visceral
Gray commissures found posterior and anterior to the central canal contain ____ that pass information from one side of the cord to the other.
a) neurons
b) axons
c) dendrites
d) telodendria
b) axons
The white matter on each side of the spinal cord can be divided into three regions called columns. These columns are called:
a) posterior, anterior, and lateral column
b) superior, inferior, and transverse column
c) posterior, inferior, and lateral column
d) superior, anterior, and lateral column
a) posterior, anterior, and lateral column
What are tracts?
a) are bundles of axons in the CNS
b) are bundles of neurons in the CNS
c) are bundles of axons in the PNS
d) are bundles of neurons in the PNS
a) are bundles of axons in the CNS
Each region of white matter column contains tracts whose axons share functional and structural __________.
a) nerves
b) pathways
c) characteristics
d) none of the above
c) characteristics
________ tracts carry sensory information toward the brain.
a) descending
b) ascending
c) transcending
d) white
b) ascending
________ tracts carry motor commands to the spinal cord.
a) descending
b) ascending
c) transcending
d) white
a) descending
True or False?
Every segment of the spinal cord is attached to a pair of spinal nerves.
True.
__________ is the outer layer of spinal nerve; made of dense collagen fiber.
a) endoneurium
b) perineurium
c) epineurium
d) endometrium
c) epineurium
__________ is the middle layer of spinal nerve; divides the nerve into fascicles.
a) endoneurium
b) perineurium
c) epineurium
d) endometrium
b) perineurium
___________ is the innermost layer and surrounds individual axons.
a) endoneurium
b) perineurium
c) epineurium
d) endometrium
a) endoneurium
Arteries and veins penetrate the epineurium and branch within the _________.
a) endoneurium
b) perineurium
c) epineurium
d) endometrium
b) perineurium
Capillaries leaving the perineurium enter the endoneurium supplying the axons and _______ cells.
a) astrocytes
b) oligodendrocytes
c) schwann
d) satellite
d) satellite
True or False?
Spinal nerves branch and interconnect with others forming plexuses and eventually peripheral nerves.
True.
Spinal nerves, which are blending of ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord, form just lateral to the _______________.
a) intervertebral foramen
b) foramen magnum
c) transverse process
d) spinous process
a) intervertebral foramen
Each spinal nerve divides into _ branches called rami.
a) 1
b) 2
c) 3
d) 4
d) 4
____________ supply most plexuses in the upper and lower limbs (somatic motor and sensation, and autonomics).
a) ventral rami
b) dorsal rami
c) rami communicantes
d) recurrent meningeal rami
a) ventral rami
_____________ supply skin and muscle of the midline of the back (somatic motor and sensation, and autonomics).
a) ventral rami
b) dorsal rami
c) rami communicantes
d) recurrent meningeal rami
b) dorsal rami
______________ supplies our viscera (internal and external autonomic supply).
a) ventral rami
b) dorsal rami
c) rami communicantes
d) recurrent meningeal rami
c) rami communicantes
______________ provides sensation from spinal meninges, facet joints and intervertebral ligaments.
a) ventral rami
b) dorsal rami
c) rami communicantes
d) recurrent meningeal rami
d) recurrent meningeal rami
The rami communicantes consists of two rami:
a) white and gray
b) white and black
c) gray and black
d) dorsal and ventral
a) white and gray
The white ramus consists of myelinated visceral motor neurons leaving the lateral horn of the spinal cord synapsing on:
a) nuclei of autonomic nervous system
b) ganglia of autonomic nervous system
c) ganglia of peripheral nervous system
d) nuclei of peripheral nervous system
b) ganglia of autonomic nervous system
True or False?
The gray ramus consists of unmyelinated postganglionic axons which join ventral and dorsal rami to supply autonomics to the body wall.
True.
True or False?
Autonomic nerves and somatic nerves are the same.
False.
Autonomic nerves are different than somatic nerves. One somatic motor neuron leaves the spinal cord and directly innervates a peripheral effector, whereas all autonomic motor neurons synapse on another smaller neuron before innervating a peripheral effector.
True or False?
All nerve plexuses are supplied by several ventral rami of spinal nerves.
True.
________ _______ are a complex interwoven network of nerves.
Nerve plexus
The ______ plexus is a network of ventral rami from C1 to C4.
a) cervical
b) brachial
c) lumbar
d) sacral
a) cervical
The brachial plexus is a network of ventral rami from ___ to ___.
a) C1 to C4
b) C5 to T1
c) T12 to L4
d) L4 to S1
b) C5 to T1
The ______ plexus is a network of ventral rami from T12 to L4.
a) cervical
b) brachial
c) lumbar
d) sacral
c) lumbar
The sacral plexus is a network of ventral rami from ___ to ___.
a) C1 to C4
b) C5 to T1
c) T12 to L4
d) L4 to S1
d) L4 to S1
